内在动机及其前因变量

该文比较系统地介绍了目前国内外关于内在动机的概念和具体影响因素诸方面的研究进展,并对未来的研究发展方向进行了展望。内在动机主要是由于活动过程本身特性或个体内发性精神需要所引发的一种活动或工作动力。相关影响因素主要涉及个体需要兴趣情感因素、工作任务本身特性、个体成就目标设置、自我效能感、组织授权与交换以及外在激励方式等方面。未来研究的方向主要在于内在动机具体结构的深入探讨以及不同影响因素的中介变量、调节变量以及诸因素交互作用综合模型的建立等方面     

心理健康素质测评系统·中国成年人健康信念量表的编制

编制适合中国社会文化特点的成年人健康信念量表。根据健康信念对心理健康影响的大量研究结果,确定健康信念量表包括合理性和可控性两个维度的理论构想;通过访谈相关医务工作者以及在心理学专家中征集项目的方式形成初始问卷,并通过预测筛选,确定量表的最终项目。对天津市387名大学生、事业单位职员、公务员和农民工进行正式施测,检验量表的各项心理测量学指标。结果：健康信念量表包括两个维度,分别是可控性和合理性,量表具有良好的重测信度、内部一致信度、结构效度、内容效度以及校标关联效度。结论：健康信念量表具备令人满意的心理测量     

道德哲学体系中的个体、集体与实体

道德哲学体系与伦理精神体系,应当完成两次辩证转换。一是由个体到集体再到实体的辩证转换;二是由实体到主体的辩证转换。与此相联系,个人主义便具有两种道德哲学形态,即个体个人主义与实体个人主义。集体的形成,必须扬弃个体个人主义,伦理性是集体中的否定因素,只有将集体发展为实体,才能真正解决个体与整体的矛盾。集体上升为实体的必要条件是精神,准确地说是“单一物与普遍物统一”的伦理精神。由实体上升为主体的真义,是实体作为“整个的个体”行动,从而不仅具有实体的伦理性,而且具有作为“整个的个体”的道德性。     

Central inhibitory dysfunctions: mechanisms and clinical implications

Injury to the central or peripheral nervous system is often associated with persistent pain. After ischemic injury to the spinal cord, rats develop severe mechanical allodynia-like symptoms, expressed as a pain-like response to innocuous stimuli. In its short-lasting phase the allodynia can be relieved with the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-B receptor agonist baclofen, which also reverses the hyperexcitability of dorsal horn interneurons to mechanical stimuli. Furthermore, there is a reduction in GABA immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn of allodynic rats. Clinical neuropathic pain of peripheral and central origin often cannot be relieved by opiates at doses that do not cause side effects. The loss of sensitivity to opiates may be associated with the up-regulation of endogenous antiopioid substances, such as the neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK). CCK and its receptor (CCK-R) protein is normally not detectable in rat dorsal root ganglion cells. After peripheral nerve section, both CCK and CCK-R are up-regulated in the dorsal root ganglia. Furthermore, CI 988, an antagonist of the CCK-B receptor, chronically coadministered with morphine, reduces autotomy, a behavior that may be a sign of neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve section. Thus, opiate insensitivity may be due to the release of CCK from injured primary afferents. Similarly, in the chronic phase of the spinal ischemic model of central pain, the allodynia-like symptom is not relieved by systemic morphine, but is significantly reversed by the CCK-B antagonist. Consequently, up-regulation of CCK and CCK-R in the CNS may also underlie opiate drug insensitivity following CNS injury. Thus, dysfunction of central inhibition involving GABA and endogenous opioids may be a factor underlying the development of sensory abnormalities and/or pain following injury to neural tissue.     

Recent Court Decisions: A Quiz For APGA Members

Counselors must keep up with changing laws and court rulings. This article presents a short quiz for APGA members to test their current legal knowledge.     

Occupational floundering

The phenomenon of occupational floundering occurs when a person enters the labor market in search of full-time work without a chosen commitment to an occupational goal. It is a period of effort in which job seekers experience varying degrees of need deprivation and frustration. Floundering can be divided into three stages: the period of initial entry into the labor market; the shopping period; and the mid-career stage. Floundering is not necessarily as destructive a phenomenon as current vocational theories tend to imply, since it sometimes provides experiences that facilitate personal growth and self-acceptance as well as providing a means by which a significant portion of the labor force eventually becomes stabilized.     

Counseling Outcomes: Counselor Characteristics and Client Results

Eighteen counselors in one of the administrative areas of the California Department of Human Resources and 697 of their closed cases were studied in order to discover whether differences in employability outcomes did exist. The study attempted to answer the following questions: (a) How many clients achieve employability during their relationships with employment counselors? (b) What is the final disposition of cases that are closed other than employable? and (c) To what degree do counselors engage in placement activities and what influence do these activities have on employable closures? The study provides evidence that some counselors had significantly more clients achieve employable status than did other counselors.     

儒家和谐伦理体系及其道德哲学意义

儒家在历史上进行的最成功的努力之一,就是建立一个和谐道德哲学体系与和谐伦理精神体系.这个和谐道德哲学体系与和谐伦理精神体系具体表现为四个结构:道德哲学体系、伦理精神体系与家国一体、由家及国的特殊社会结构之间的和谐;以"五伦"为原理的伦理世界的和谐;以"四德"为内核的道德世界的和谐;以"中庸"为境界的伦理世界与道德世界之间的和谐.     

不同血液净化方式对维持性血液透析患者微炎症指标及Fetuin-A的相关性研究

通过研究高通量血液透析(HFHD)和血液透析滤过(OL-HDF)两种血液净化模式对尿毒症患者血清白介素-1β(IL-1β)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)、胎球蛋白A(Fetuin-A)水平的影响,旨在求其相关性.按不同血液净化模式,将维持性血液透析(MHD)患者随机分为HFHD组(A组)30例,OL-HDF组(B组)30例,健康对照组(C组)16例,通过测定A组、B组、C组透析前、A组、B组透析6个月后各项化验指标,经过统计学分析比对发现A组、B组血清Fetuin-A与IL-1β、hs-CRP、P、Ca×P呈负相关.本研究证明,MHD患者存在微炎症状态,其钙化抑制因子Fetuin-A较正常人明显降低,长期OL-HDF治疗(治疗大于6个月)对于改善MHD患者微炎症状态及升高钙化抑制因子Fetuin-A效果均明显优于HFHD.