用模糊数学方法预测商品喜爱度的实验性探索

本研究是一种运用模糊数学方法来预测商品喜爱度的实验性探索。 从实验一中取得被试对一种商品的单维评价[R′_(ji)]和综合评价[B_j],然后根据导出权数集[A_i]。 从实验二中取得被试对另一种同类商品的单维评价[R″_(ji)],然后与[A_i]加权,就预测出第二种同类商品的综合喜爱度[B_j]。 经验证,此种预测是可行的。并且它比其它预测方法更准确,更简便。     

卡车驾驶员的夜间视力研究

运用ＹＪＳ—ＩＩ型夜间视觉检查仪对２３８名男性卡车驾驶员的暗适应时间和夜间视力进行了测试。结果表明：卡车驾驶员暗适应时间的９５％上限值为５９．６７秒;卡车驾驶员暗适应时间和夜间视力的年龄阈值为４０岁;事故组与安全组卡车驾驶员暗适应时间存在显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）,事故组卡车驾驶员的暗适应时间较长,表明卡车驾驶员的暗适应能力差是引起夜间交通事故的重要因素。研究结果为驾驶员的选拔,安全教育以及制订预防夜间交通事放对策提供一定的理论依据。     

试论宗教与民族的关系

宗教与民族的关系,不论在中国还是全世界,在历史文化还是现实生活中,都是一个引人注目的重大问题。本文旨在从理论上澄清二者的基本关系。文章先从理论和现实两方面提出了研究二者关系的必要性,再从宗教与民族关系的根源、宗教对民族形成的作用、宗教与民族特性的区别、宗教与民族发展的相互作用、宗教对民族之间关系的正负影响等方面,进行了兼顾问题两面的理论澄清,指出在宗教与民族二者之中,任一方的道德或理性成分的发展都会有利于另一方的道德或理性成分的发展,任一方的狂热或反理性倾向都会加剧另一方的狂热或反理性倾向;最后从世界各国宗教与民族关系的历史与现状着眼,概括了宗教与民族各自面对的问题,并从中尽力总结出七条经验教训,以期有利于我国在宗教与民族关系上的理论研究和实际工作。     

Attentional resolution

Attention can enhance selectively the visual information processing of particular locations or objects. Recent studies have shown that this enhancement has limited spatial resolution, the smallest regions that can be isolated by attention are much coarser than the smallest details that can be resolved by vision. Multiple similar objects spaced more finely than the limit of attentional resolution cannot be individuated for further processing and can only be perceived as a grouped texture. As a result, at any given time, only part of the spatial and temporal information registered by the early sensory systems is available to conscious perception. It is likely that attentional resolution is limited at a stage beyond V1 and that it has a finer grain in the lower visual field than in the upper field. The spatial aperture of attention is elongated along the radial axis relative to fixation. The briefest temporal window of attention is also much broader than visual temporal resolution. Many perceptual phenomena related to rapid serial visual presentation may reflect the limited temporal resolution of attention.     

Professional responsibility: The role of the engineer in society

We argue that the practice of engineering does not exist outside the domain of societal interests. That is, the practice of engineering has an inherent (and unavoidable) impact on society. Engineering is based upon that relationship with society (inter alia). An engineer’s conduct (as captured in professional codes of conduct) toward other engineers, toward employers, toward clients, and toward the public is an essential part of the life of a professional engineer, yet the education process and professional societies pay inadequate attention to the area. If one adopts Skooglund’s definition of professional ethics^I (how we agree to relate to one another), then the codes of professional conduct lay out a road map for professional relationships. As professionals, engineers need to internalize their codes and to realize that they have a personal stake in the application of codes as well as the process of developing the codes. Yet, most engineers view professional codes as static statements developed by “others” with little (or no) input from the individual engineer. Complicating the problem, questions of professionalism (such as ethics) are frequently viewed as topics outside the normal realm of engineering analysis and design. In reality, professional responsibility is an integral part of the engineering process.     

噪声烦恼类别之间的临界值测定

本文采用一种称为多级估量的新型类别量表,经验地揭示了噪声烦恼度的可能(possibility)性质,并且给出了对应于一个烦恼类别过渡到下一个烦恼类别的刺激临界值的定义。据此得到“较安静”与“闹”,“闹”与“很闹”,“很闹”与“极闹”两两间的临界值分别为53、63和82分贝。最后还探讨了烦恼度与噪声之间的心理物理函数关系。     

Divorce,single parenthood and stepfamilies: Structural implications of these transactions

This article focuses on change in the family structure during the divorce as well as in the sequential stages of single parenthood and the reconstituted family. Special characteristics of these families and the tasks to be undertaken to enable the new unit to function are discussed conceptually and through case illustrations. Family therapy is seen as particularly helpful during the crisis stage when either a parent leaves or a new unit is added to an established one. The necessity of being aware of and working with all parts of the system, both the split-off and the newly-added, is stressed.     

儿童在数及数学上对部分与整体关系认识的发展

本文概括了九个有关数和数概念的实验研究结果。作者在最早的四个实验的基础上,提出了儿童对部分与整体关系认识的十二项指标,再以之通过正整数,几何图形和分数三个方面进行探讨,探讨结果由两个数学试验验证应用。根据研究总结果,作者讨论了揭示认识对象的内在规律对于主体认识活动的作用,部分与整体关系认识的年龄特点,阶段性及激进时期以及认识这个关系的心理过程。也对数的部分与整体关系的掌握对小学数学教学的应用提出了意见。