选择与坚持:跨期选择与延迟满足之比较

做出选择与坚持选择是决策活动的两个重要阶段。跨期选择源于经济学领域对成人对发生在不同时间点的结果"做出选择"过程的研究;延迟满足则源于心理学领域对儿童为获得未来较大收益而抵制当前诱惑的"坚持选择"过程的研究。二者均致力于研究与时间相关的决策活动,从不同视角关注个体的冲动性与自我控制,但鲜见学者对二者异同的系统比较。本文着重从研究方法、认知机制与神经基础入手探讨了二者的异同,冀为两个研究领域协同发展、共同促进人类远见的培养与实践提供科学的理论支持。     

Burger or yogurt? Indulgent consumption in impression management contexts

We conducted three studies to investigate indulgent choice in settings with and without impression management by public–private manipulation with evaluation. Study 1 showed that the participants were less indulgent under public scrutiny due to the employment of impression management. Study 2 focused on the impression management context to test the moderate effect of self‐consciousness in two impression managed contexts. Study 3 focused on context without impression management to test the moderate effects of self‐awareness on choices. We found that depending on differences in primed personality, individuals tended to make choices other than those they favoured privately when anticipating that others might form impressions of them based on the decisions made. The findings of all three studies support our basic prediction that people are less indulgent under impression management and suggest that people tend to manage their impression by eating healthier (less indulgently) in public.     

Design-Based Guidelines for the Semantic Perception of Emergency Signs

The current study applies semantic differential to explore the semantic perception of emergency signs, in an attempt to analyze the meanings of emergency signs in regard to the psychological exigencies of the general public. The results indicate that problems concerning recognition accuracy have been observed, but also that the evaluation of the semantic meaning of the signs is positive. However, a number of emotional factors also emerge, indicating that if improvements should be made to the existing emergency signs, it would better facilitate evacuation in the event of an emergency. As for the design guidelines, the emergency signs should be readily recognizable and have a single meaning. Multiple symbolic meanings should be eliminated. Concrete design guidelines include: (a) safety movement, (b) clarity, and (c) safety. To avoid confusion in sign recognition, in addition to the improvements made based on the abovementioned guidelines, educational promotional activities carried out by the government would also prove very beneficial.     

当前竞技体育伦理问题及其实质

竞技体育的伦理问题,不仅仅应该批判竞技体育中的非伦理现象,而且应该着重考察在竞技体育发展中自身衍生的目的和手段及发展方向的异化问题,这种伦理悖论才是实质的竞技体育伦理问题。解决问题的途径是竞技体育的自我调整和竞技体育伦理的建设。     

论墨家的道德精神

墨家也和儒家一样,具有非常明显的道德至上的思想倾向。他们倡导如下基本道德精神:反对不劳而获,提倡“为人犹为己”,强调义利统一、志功统一。     

战争伦理:一种世界观念

战争伦理主要论及战争如何受到道德强制,或者说,它涉及道德的进步如何影响到战争。同时,与人类其他活动相比,战争行为更具国际性,因此,战争伦理作为抑制战争的一种道义力量,也更易成为一种世界观念。可以将战争伦理分为军事伦理、军备伦理、军人伦理三个层面,分别代表基于人、武器以及人与武器相结合而采取的行动———作战之上的伦理规范,它们都是随着时代的发展而发展的。     

我国护理教育面临的困境及对策研究

梳理了目前国内外护理教育发展的基本情况,从满足我国护理事业发展需求、充分考虑现代护理学的学科特点、明确护理高等教育不同层次的培养目标等方面分析了护理教育发展的主要思路,并提出具体的建议和措施,力图通过加强护理学教育来进一步推动我国护理事业的发展。     

结果预期对青少年攻击性行为的影响：中介效应与调节效应

采用攻击性问卷、关系攻击行为量表、结果预期量表、移情量表和自我控制能力问卷对720名中学生进行调查,考察了结果预期与青少年攻击性行为的关系,以及自我控制在其中的中介作用和移情在其中的调节作用。结果发现:(1)结果预期与青少年的攻击性行为(外部攻击和关系攻击)存在显著负相关;(2)自我控制在结果预期与青少年攻击性行为之间起着完全中介作用;(3)在结果预期对青少年外部攻击行为的预测中,移情发挥了调节作用。在高移情个体中,结果预期并不预测外部攻击行为,而在低移情个体中,结果预期显著地反向预测外部攻击行为;(4)自我控制在结果预期与青少年外部攻击行为之间的中介作用受到移情的调节,高水平的移情能力可以有效地缓解青少年因低自我控制而导致的高攻击性。     

肿瘤临终关怀中的家属辞世教育

晚期癌症患者的家属在临终家居照顾及医院宁养照顾中起到重要的作用,对临终患者家属的关怀照顾是临终关怀的重要组成部分,通过从家属心理特点、影响家属心理的因素、家属辞世教育方法三个方面具体阐述在家属辞世教育的工作步骤,从而更好的指导社会医疗实践,促进临终关怀工作在我国的发展.     

防止耐药菌的院内爆发

临床上多重耐药菌感染的现象正在日渐严重,从而引发了越来越严重的耐药菌院内感染现象.从医务工作者角度来控制这一现象的有效措施包括:规范医护人员的手卫生,控制侵入性操作引起的感染,合理使用抗生素,有效筛查和隔离疑似感染患者等.