群体印象形成与个体印象形成：反基准比率效应

采用 “反基准比率效应”范式考察在群体印象形成与个体印象形成两种认知加工过程中, 基准比率对印象形成过程及其结果的影响。被试分别为39名19~25岁大学生(实验1：男生17名, 女生22名, 均为右利手)以及46名19~25岁大学生(实验2：男生21名, 女生25名, 均为右利手)。结果发现：无论是群体印象形成还是个体印象形成, 在学习阶段, 知觉者都能准确认知各类事件间的关系, 但会优先建构高频事件间的联结。而在测试阶段, 当低频事件与高频事件同时出现时, 知觉者发生明显关系误判, 即以反基准比率的倾向高估低频事件间的联结强度。实验表明群体与个体印象形成过程中都会产生反基准比率效应这样的加工偏差, 进而初步揭示反基准比率现象在社会信息加工领域具有一定的普遍性。     

心理账户的认知标签与情绪标签对消费决策行为的影响

Mental accounting is the set of cognitive operations used by individuals and households to organize, evaluate, and keep track of financial activities. Mental accounting proposes that people utilize a set of cognitive labels to evaluate their financial activities, each of which is associated with different preferences to consume (Levav & McGraw, 2009; Kahneman & Tversky 1984; Thaler 1985, 1990). Mental accounting researchers have shown that windfall gains are spent more readily and frivolously than ordinary income. Consumers prefer to spend their windfall gains on hedonic consumptions but spend their ordinary incomes on utilitarian consumptions. Levav and McGraw (2009) suggested that emotional accounting, including people’s feelings about money, also influences consumer choices. When people have negative feelings toward windfall, they opt to make utilitarian expenditures. However, the process of how cognitive (windfall or ordinary income) and affective (positive or negative emotion) tags interact in consumer behavior was not explored. This study proposes that both cognitive tag and affective tags in mental accounting affect consumer decision making. The objective of this study is to explore the interactive effect of cognitive and affective tags in mental accounting on consumer decision through four studies. In studies 1a and 1b, the effect of cognitive and affective tags in mental accounting on consumer decision making behavior was measured. Study 1a showed that the positive tag of windfall income is preferred for hedonic consumption, whereas the negative tag of windfall income is preferred for utilitarian consumption. Both positive and negative tags of ordinary income are preferred for utilitarian consumption. Study1b utilized a field study to examine actual consumption behavior. The results showed that when people received 15 Yuan RMB as ordinary income, they prefer to spend it on utilitarian consumption regardless of the positive or negative emotion they feel. However, they receive 15 Yuan RMB as windfall income, they prefer to use it for hedonic consumption in the positive emotion and for utilitarian consumption in the negative emotion. Studies 2a and 2b attempted to explore the reason of negative emotion can make windfall income turn from hedonic to utilitarian consumption. Study2a found that when people expect to feel guilty about spending windfall income on hedonic consumption, they would avoid hedonic consumption. Study2b found that when people felt guilty about windfall income, they tend to avoid hedonic consumption. Compared with the low guilt level group, the high guilt level group prefers to use windfall income for utilitarian consumption. These results suggest that cognitive and affective tags influence consumer behavior. The influence of cognitive tag on consumer decision presents the “cognition match effect”, whereas the influence of affective tag on consumer decision presents the “affect match effect”. Both tags also have an interaction effect on consumer decision. Guilt may be a mechanism that results in the negative tag of windfall being preferred for utilitarian consumption.     

儿童2岁活跃性、自我控制与5年后学校适应——父母养育方式的调节作用

通过5年的追踪,考察儿童早期气质特征对后期社会适应的影响。选取200名2岁儿童,采用实验室观察法评价其气质上的活跃性和自我控制;在其7岁时追踪到125名儿童,请父母报告养育方式、班主任老师评价其社会能力和学业表现。结果表明：（1）儿童2岁时的活跃性对5年后学校适应的预测总体是消极的,并且受父母养育方式调节;父母的高限制和低压制能够抵消活跃性对学习问题和任务定向的消极影响;（2）儿童2岁时的自我控制对于5年后的所有积极学校适应指标（学业成绩、低学习问题、果敢社交、挫折耐受、任务定向）有直接预测作用。这一结果揭示了气质上的活跃性与自我控制在儿童发展过程中的不同作用,父母应根据孩子的气质特点实行差别化教育。     

Creative Self‐Efficacy and Innovative Behavior in a Service Setting: Optimism as a Moderator

Creativity research on the personality approach has focused on the relationship between individual attributes and innovative behavior. However, few studies have empirically examined the effects of positive psychological traits on innovative behavior in an organizational setting. This study examines the relationships among creative self‐efficacy, optimism, and innovative behavior as well as the moderating effect of optimism. Longitudinal data across two periods were collected from 120 spa employees of a diet and beauty salon company in Taiwan. After controlling for the effects of job tenure and the Big Five personality traits, this study found that employees with a high level of creative self‐efficacy demonstrate a high level of innovative behavior at work, and optimism does not have a direct effect on employees' innovative behavior, but it does play a moderating role. When employees' creative self‐efficacy is high, those with greater optimism exhibit greater innovative behavior at work. Toward the end, this paper offers suggestions for future research and discusses the practical implications of this study.     

NR3C1基因多态性及单倍型、父母教养方式对青少年焦虑障碍的影响

NR3C1参与HPA轴调节,与应激相关的身心疾病关系密切。以往针对NR3C1与焦虑障碍的研究基本以成人为考察对象,且大多关注负性生活事件等个体层面环境变量。本研究采用病例-对照设计,以238名青少年为被试(焦虑障碍117人,对照121人),旨在考察NR3C1常见位点rs6191、rs6196、rs41423247的多态性、单倍型以及父母不同类型教养方式对焦虑障碍的影响。结果表明rs6191 GG基因型、rs6196 AA基因型、rs41423247 GG基因型与低焦虑障碍风险相关。父母过多的过度保护与冷漠拒绝、父亲过少的温暖关怀可预测较高的焦虑障碍风险。rs41423247多态性与母亲温暖关怀存在交互作用:rs41423247 GG基因型只在母亲温暖关怀较多时能降低焦虑障碍风险,在母亲温暖关怀较少时与焦虑障碍并无显著相关。此外,rs6191-rs6196-rs41423247构成的单倍型GAG与低焦虑障碍风险显著关联,TGC与高焦虑障碍风险显著关联,且二者与母亲温暖关怀、母亲过度保护分别存在交互作用。未来可采用追踪研究,从表观遗传层面探讨教养方式与NR3C1影响焦虑障碍的内在机制。     

父母述情困难与儿童行为问题:父母心境的中介作用

采用整群抽样法选取438名学前儿童及其家长为被试, 通过量表考察父母述情困难、心境与儿童问题行为之间的关系。结果发现:(1)父亲述情困难与儿童焦虑害羞行为显著正相关, 父亲情绪愉悦在其述情困难与儿童焦虑害羞行为之间具有完全中介作用;(2)母亲述情困难与儿童愤怒攻击、焦虑害羞行为显著正相关, 同时母亲的情绪波动在其述情困难与儿童愤怒攻击行为之间起着部分中介作用。研究结果说明述情困难风险较高的父亲, 其情绪愉悦水平也相对较低, 进而导致儿童表现出更多焦虑害羞行为;述情困难风险较高的母亲, 一方面会直接导致儿童表现出较多愤怒攻击与焦虑害羞行为, 另一方面又会通过其情绪波动增加儿童出现愤怒攻击行为的风险。     

心肾贫血综合征的系统思维

心肾贫血综合征在慢性肾脏疾病患者和慢性心衰患者中大有人在,并日益受到医生重视,对其的正确认识及治疗直接影响患者的疾病预后.因此我们深入认识心肾贫血综合征及研究新的临床防治策略时,有必要着眼于心肾贫血综合征的内在特征并运用系统学方法原理分析其特点,为临床防治提供科学指导。     

假性甲状旁腺功能减退症的研究进展

假性甲状旁腺功能减退症是一种罕见的遗传性疾病,由甲状旁腺激素(PTH)抵抗所致.临床特点有低钙高磷血症、血清PTH升高,部分可表现为Albright遗传性骨营养不良症,并伴有多发激素抵抗.分子遗传学研究表明本症与编码Gs蛋白α亚基(Gsα)的GNAS1基因缺陷相关.Gsα的失活性突变导致AHO畸形,而多发激素抵抗可能是由于组织特异性的GNAS1印记缺陷所致.补充钙剂和活性维生素D是有效的治疗方法,基因治疗是未来的研究方向.     

浅谈外科手术在重度肥胖治疗中的作用

目前在重度肥胖治疗中存在着孤立地,片面地看待疾病,对主要矛盾注意不够的问题,且过度依赖内科治疗.而外科手术对病态肥胖有着良好的效果,是去除代谢综合征(MS)主要致病因素的有效手段.但由于人们观念陈旧,临床上很少有人接受手术治疗,因此转变人们的观念是提高重度肥胖治疗效果的关键和必需的一步.     

群体心理现象--一种后现代的公共精神卫生问题

探讨以群体心理为基础的公共精神卫生问题的概念、重要性,以及发生的病理机制.认为当代公共精神卫生问题所具有定性模糊、文化边缘化等后现代的特点都与群体非理性心理的性质有关.