略谈道教对西王母的崇拜

道教神仙信仰中的西王母,是一位介于“神”与“仙”之间的尊神。西王母崇拜所体现的宗教内涵是一种什么样的境界?当今人民又将怎样发扬光大?本文试就此提出一些浅见,就教于方家及高道大德。一、西王母崇拜应是中国母系社会转型期的图腾崇拜和对母亲的崇拜     

东方伦理和谐特征分析

和谐的社会必定是伦理和谐的境遇.今天,中国和谐社会的建设是世界文明实践工程中的一个必然环节,这个工程意向效果的获取,虽然不能没有具体蓝图的描绘,但更应该注重在操作性的层面来关注"如何做".对此,通过日韩伦理和谐重视仪式、规范意识、角色意识的分析,来借鉴他们的经验,应不失为一个有益的思路.     

Active avoidance conditioning in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

The zebrafish represents a potentially useful organism for studying genes involved in learning and memory function in vertebrates, because a number of genetic techniques in zebrafish have been developed to produce a wide variety of genetic mutants. While zebrafish mutants are being developed, behavioral studies on learning and memory function in zebrafish are in urgent need. The present study investigated active avoidance conditioning in normal zebrafish. Zebrafish were trained to swim from a lighted (CS) compartment to a dark compartment to avoid an electrical body shock (US) in a shuttle-box that consisted of a water-filled tank separated by an opaque barrier into two equal compartments. By varying the number of trials per training session and the duration of the intertrial interval, Experiments 1 and 2 showed that, with the CS, US, and intertrial interval being 12s, zebrafish learned avoidance responses within a training session consisting of 30 trials and retained the avoidance responses. Experiment 3 showed that zebrafish learned avoidance responses following the association between the CS of light and the US of shock in the avoidance conditioning paradigm. Using the avoidance conditioning paradigm, Experiment 4 investigated the amnestic effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME in zebrafish. Experiment 4 showed that post-training injection of L-NAME significantly impaired retention of avoidance responses while MK-801 did not, confirming previous results with other vertebrates. The results of the present study suggest the similar involvements of neurochemicals in learning and memory among vertebrates. Thus, future studies with zebrafish mutants may identify genes involved in learning and memory in vertebrates.     

Enriched environment treatment restores impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits induced by prenatal chronic stress

Prenatal stress can cause long-term effects on cognitive functions in offspring. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity, believed to be the mechanism underlying certain types of learning and memory, and known to be sensitive to behavioral stress, can be changed by prenatal stress. Whether enriched environment treatment (EE) in early postnatal periods can cause a recovery from these deficits is unknown. Experimental animals were Wistar rats. Prenatal stress was evoked by 10 foot shocks (0.8 mA for 1s, 2-3 min apart) in 30 min per day at gestational day 13-19. After weaning at postnatal day 22, experimental offspring were given the enriched environment treatment through all experiments until tested (older than 52 days age). Electrophysiological and Morris water maze testing was performed at 8 weeks of age. The results showed that prenatal stress impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) but facilitated long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampal CA1 region in the slices. Furthermore, prenatal stress exacerbated the effects of acute stress on hippocampal LTP and LTD, and also impaired spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze. However, all these deficits induced by prenatal stress were recovered by enriched environment treatment. This work observes a phenomenon that may contribute to the understanding of clinically important interactions among cognitive deficit, prenatal stress and enriched environment treatment. Enriched environment treatment on early postnatal periods may be one potentially important target for therapeutic interventions in preventing the prenatal stress-induced cognitive disorders.     

Sensitivity to sampling in Bayesian word learning

We report a new study testing our proposal that word learning may be best explained as an approximate form of Bayesian inference (Xu & Tenenbaum, in press). Children are capable of learning word meanings across a wide range of communicative contexts. In different contexts, learners may encounter different sampling processes generating the examples of word-object pairings they observe. An ideal Bayesian word learner could take into account these differences in the sampling process and adjust his/her inferences about word meaning accordingly. We tested how children and adults learned words for novel object kinds in two sampling contexts, in which the objects to be labeled were sampled either by a knowledgeable teacher or by the learners themselves. Both adults and children generalized more conservatively in the former context; that is, they restricted the label to just those objects most similar to the labeled examples when the exemplars were chosen by a knowledgeable teacher, but not when chosen by the learners themselves. We discuss how this result follows naturally from a Bayesian analysis, but not from other statistical approaches such as associative word-learning models.     

Sortal concepts, object individuation, and language

Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary enterprise. This review highlights how the philosophical notion of a 'sortal'--a concept that provides principles of individuation and principles of identity - has been introduced into cognitive developmental psychology. Although the notion 'sortal' originated in metaphysics, importing it into the cognitive sciences has bridged a gap between philosophical and psychological discussions of concepts and has generated a fruitful and productive research enterprise. As I review here, the sortal concept has inspired several lines of empirical work in the past decade, including the study of object individuation; object identification; the relationship between language and acquisition of kind concepts; the representational capacities of non-human primates; object-based attention and cognitive architecture; and the relationship between kind concepts and individual concepts.     

社会关系模型（SRM）——个体差异研究的新策略

在文化、社会和人际互动情境下研究行为已经成为人格研究的趋势之一。社会关系模型（SocialRelationModel）源自人际知觉研究领域,它能够分析成对数据,在人际互动关系中分离出行为者效应、目标效应和关系效应。这种研究理念和研究策略不仅契合在社会关系背景下研究人格的理论取向,而且能为实现这一取向提供更为精当的分析方法和研究工具。文章通过介绍社会关系模型的含义、方法和应用,以期为研究人格差异的稳定性与变化性问题提供新的视野和思路     

西田哲学的核心概念及其禅学意涵

日本京都学派的西田哲学是一个在大乘佛教、尤其是禅宗思想的基础上,运用现代西方哲学的观念和逻辑方法建构起来的哲学体系。虽然从字面意义上看,该哲学的代表人物所提出的许多核心概念,如"纯粹经验"、"场所"、"自我"等似乎是出自现代西方哲学家的专业术语,但是从更为本真的意义上看,它们所反映的却是"物我相忘"、"色即是空"、"真如一心"的禅学意涵。     

箱庭疗法应用于家庭治疗的理论背景与临床实践

心理咨询与治疗领域出现了整合的趋势,将箱庭疗法应用于家庭治疗是这一趋势下的成功尝试。箱庭疗法应用于家庭治疗的理论背景是家庭治疗与游戏治疗的整合以及箱庭疗法在团体治疗中的应用。箱庭疗法应用于家庭治疗的临床实践包括家庭评估、家庭治疗、夫妻治疗、家庭治疗师督导,这些临床实践的开展为儿童青少年心理咨询与治疗方法的发展提供了有益的启示。     

关于上下视野不对称性的研究

该研究就国内外对上下视野不对称性的研究成果做了详细的阐述,主要包括上下视野的定义、上下视野不对称性的行为和神经机制方面的研究成果及当前所面临的问题,并在文章的最后提出自己的观点。