Trust and respect as mediators of the other‐ and self‐profitable trait effects on interpersonal attraction

Mediators of the effects of other‐profitable (e.g., sincere vs. irresponsible) or self‐profitable (e.g., intelligent vs. unintelligent) traits on attraction were investigated. In Experiment 1 (N = 256), valence of a single other‐ or self‐profitable trait was varied, and trust in, respect for, and attraction toward the partner were measured. The three constructs were distinct. Moreover, the effects of the other‐profitable traits on attraction were solely mediated by trust, and those of the self‐profitable traits were mediated more strongly by respect than trust. In Experiment 2 (N = 144), an other‐profitable trait was crossed with the self‐profitable one, and diagnosticity ratings of those traits for the partner's warmth and competence and the previous three responses were taken. The five constructs were empirically distinct. Although trust mediated the effect of other‐profitable trait on attraction, there was a direct effect also. Respect was the sole mediator of the self‐profitable trait effect. Theoretical and methodological implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

3～6岁儿童信念理解能力的发展研究

研究设计了冲突真实信念任务,用于考察儿童对真实信念的理解;并利用区分信念、冲突真实信念和意外地点的错误信念任务,考察儿童理解信念推理基本规则、真实信念和错误信念的发展顺序。97名3~6岁儿童完成了测试。结果显示,3岁儿童能理解信念推理的基本规则,5岁儿童能理解真实信念,6岁儿童能理解错误信念。结果支持了儿童先理解真实信念,后理解错误信念的发展模式;也说明在理解信念以前儿童已能掌握信念推理的基本规则。     

中-英双语者英语命名图片的一致性

选用中-英双语者对Snodgrass和Vanderwart的标准图片库中的224张图片进行了英语(第二语言)命名一致性研究,最后得到了131张图片的英语命名一致性百分数、概念一致性百分数及H值.建立了这些图片的英语命名一致性常模.本研究还考察了图片命名一致性与图片命名反应时和错误率的关系,结果发现,H值、命名一致性百分数及概念一致性百分数与图片命名反应时、错误率之间均呈现显著的相关,其中命名一致性百分数和概念一致性在预测图片命名反应时和错误率时起重要作用.     

初中生生活事件、即时通讯与孤独感之间的关系

个体使用互联网对其心理与行为的影响一直是研究者关注的焦点,同时互联网世界是丰富多彩的,不同的互联网服务对使用者的影响是不同的。该研究采用问卷法抽取北京市两所中学初一、初二年级学生进行调查,目的是考察初中生生活事件、即时通讯服务使用偏好与孤独感之间的关系。结果表明:生活事件带来的主观压力能够显著正向预测孤独感;即时通讯能够显著负向预测孤独感;客观压力不能够预测孤独感,但是它可以通过即时通讯间接地影响个体的孤独感水平。从结果中可以看到互联网的使用对个体的发展不全是消极的,即时通讯服务的使用能够缓解生活事件对个体产生的消极影响,对个体起到一定的保护作用。     

羽毛球运动重塑成年早期的大脑灰质和白质结构

以往研究发现, 球类运动员视知觉脑区的结构不同于非运动员, 但这些脑区结构的差异是训练经历引起还是天生结构不同所导致的, 尚未可知。本研究拟采用纵向设计, 以处于成年早期的成人非运动员为被试(23~27岁), 随机分成实验组和对照组, 实验组参加12周的羽毛球运动训练, 对照组在此期间不进行任何有规律的运动训练, 采集干预实验前后所有被试的结构像和弥散张量成像数据。结果发现, 实验组训练后左下枕叶、颞中回、颞下回灰质体积增加, 双侧内囊后肢、上放射冠各向异性分数(FA)增加, 进一步分析发现, FA增加的原因是径向扩散系数(RD)下降。提示羽毛球运动可增加成人与视运动知觉有关脑区的灰质容量, 增加纤维束的髓鞘厚度。     

对免疫系统非优性的探讨

免疫系统是维持机体自身稳定的一个重要系统。从系统的功能、环境和信息方面阐述免疫系统优与非优的表现和关系;并提出由于免疫系统存在非优信息的特点,科研人员在对免疫系统认识过程中应客观、全面,在认识事物优的同时也应看到事物非优的一面。     

尊重青少年患者自主

尊重青少年患者自主;家长要摒弃权威主义观念、放手让青少年自己决定、树立从父母权威到父母责任的观念；医生要充分告知青少年医疗信息;要细心与青少年患者交谈、帮助他们理解、鼓励他们选择；当发现父母滥用权威使青少年福利受到极大危害时;有诉诸政府干预的责任；政府、社会也要承担一定的义务.     

Moral Disengagement Through Displacement of Responsibility: The Role of Leadership Beliefs

The present study examined the relationship between a person's leadership beliefs and the propensity to justify his or her unethical behavior by shifting responsibility to those people in leadership positions who ordered or condoned the behavior. Theoretical support for this relationship comes from the moral disengagement branch of social cognitive theory, which proposes that one cognitive mechanism people employ to justify unethical behavior involves displacing responsibility for their action onto someone else ( Bandura, 1999b ). The study's results revealed that leadership self‐efficacy, affective and noncalculative motivation to lead, and shared orientation toward leadership were related to moral disengagement through the displacement of responsibility.     

The Mental Health of Older Buddhists After the Wenchuan Earthquake

This study investigated changes in measures of mental health among elderly Buddhists after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. The mental health status of Buddhists was compared with that of a non-religious group matched for age which was also severely affected by the disaster. The study focused on two geographic areas which were badly damaged by the earthquake, Beichuan and Mianyang, with Beichuan having suffered the greater damage. The Mental Health Inventory for the Elderly (MHIE) was used to measure the cognitive efficiency, emotional state, self-perception, interpersonal communication, and adaptive ability of survivors at two different times and in two different places: in Beichuan at 4?months and 10?months after the earthquake, and in Mianyang at 6?months and 10?months after the disaster. The scores on the Mental Health Inventory for the older Buddhists in Beichuan were significantly lower than those for the non-religious participants there, but no significant differences were found in Mianyang. The mental health scores of older Buddhists in Beichuan 10?months after the earthquake were significantly better than those recorded 4?months after the earthquake. There were no significant differences in the mental health measurements of Buddhists between testing times in Mianyang. The results indicated that religious faith helped Buddhists recover from trauma, but only in areas severely damaged by earthquakes. The lower level of mental health scores was interpreted to mean that those with religious sensitivities were more deeply affected by but had resilience facing the trauma of the earthquake.     

认知情绪调节对流动儿童同伴依恋和孤独感的调节作用

考察流动儿童同伴依恋与孤独感的特点,以及认知情绪调节在两者关系之间的调节作用.采用整群取样方法对595名流动儿童和本地城市儿童进行问卷调查.结果表明:(1)流动儿童的孤独感显著高于本地儿童;(2)流动儿童的同伴依恋得分及其信任、沟通维度得分显著低于本地儿童;(3)流动儿童的孤独感和同伴依恋显著负相关;(4)较高的积极认知情绪调节得分对同伴依恋和孤独感的关系具有减弱作用.因此,积极认知情绪调节策略可以作为流动儿童应对不良环境的弹性力量.