准确、完整的诊断与临床决策

正确的诊断是正确的临床决策的基础,正确的诊断依赖于详细的病史、准确全面的体格检查、合理的辅助检查资料的分析及正确的临床诊断思维方法.如果其中任何一项被忽视,临床医生可能会做出错误的诊断和错误的治疗,给病人造成不必要的损害.为了避免上述情况的发生,临床医生必须在掌握全面的临床资料的基础上,加以科学的综合分析,这样才能得出正确的诊断,给病人以正确的治疗.     

新时期我国农村卫生服务体系的路径选择

解决好占中国人口将近70%的农民的健康问题,是全面建设小康社会中非常重要的问题.如何完善现有的卫生服务体系、构建真正惠及全体农业人口的卫生服务体系又是农村卫生事业发展的重中之重.试从制度经济学的角度出发,探讨新时期我国农村卫生服务体系的路径选择.     

试论上博简《多薪》篇对兄弟伦情的诗意言说

上博简《多薪》、《内礼》等篇与《诗经》、《尚书》、《仪礼》诸传世文献,对中国伦理思想中五伦之一的"兄弟"一伦都有相关论释。《多薪》篇以植物间的对比起兴兄弟伦理亲情同别人一般友情的关系,这表明该篇作者对家庭伦理、对"天伦"的着意重视。本文以此文脉回视残简缺文,提出个人的论说方式。同时对其他部分传世文献中论及"兄弟"亲情的文献也作了初步梳理,认为结合上博简中对五伦作单向度强调的伦理倾向,可以进一步探析中国伦理学说的某种转向与儒学诗教功能。     

A Protective Factors Model for Alcohol Abuse and Suicide Prevention Among Alaska Native Youth

This study provides an empirical test of a culturally grounded theoretical model for prevention of alcohol abuse and suicide risk with Alaska Native youth, using a promising set of culturally appropriate measures for the study of the process of change and outcome. This model is derived from qualitative work that generated an heuristic model of protective factors from alcohol (Allen et al. in J Prev Interv Commun 32:41–59, 2006; Mohatt et al. in Am J Commun Psychol 33:263–273, 2004a; Harm Reduct 1, 2004b). Participants included 413 rural Alaska Native youth ages 12–18 who assisted in testing a predictive model of Reasons for Life and Reflective Processes about alcohol abuse consequences as co-occurring outcomes. Specific individual, family, peer, and community level protective factor variables predicted these outcomes. Results suggest prominent roles for these predictor variables as intermediate prevention strategy target variables in a theoretical model for a multilevel intervention. The model guides understanding of underlying change processes in an intervention to increase the ultimate outcome variables of Reasons for Life and Reflective Processes regarding the consequences of alcohol abuse.     

女性体形对吸引力与能力评价影响的分离效应

采用Stunkard等人编制的9点女性体形评定图片,使用排序法、评分法、评估法以及选美和选搭档的情景题目,对女性体形、吸引力与能力之间的关系进行了探索.各种方法一致发现吸引力与能力均和体形之间存在倒U形关系,但最具能力的体形和最具吸引力的体形并不一致,人们倾向认为偏瘦体形人物最具吸引力,但中等体形人物能力最强,存在分离现象.此外,女性虽不能正确知觉男性眼中最有吸引力的体形,但能正确知觉男性眼中最有能力的体形.本研究进一步发现,男性的分配观念可为女性不惜牺牲能力评价而热衷减肥的行为提供一定的解释.本研究的结果有助于人们认清体形吸引力与体形所展现出来的能力的分离关系,帮助女性更加理性地认识自己的体形.同时,该研究结果还可为有效减少女性盲目减肥提供科学依据.     

独立预测作用,还是基础性影响？——价值观对集体行动的影响机制

为阐明价值观在集体行动参与中的地位和影响机制,研究者以利比亚事件为背景,针对现实和网络场域中不同程度的4类集体行动倾向,在天津市957名大学生中进行问卷调查研究,结果发现：价值观显著增加了低成本集体行动倾向解释率,并调节着情绪、工具性动机和社会认同对集体行动倾向的影响;中国人进行集体行动决策时具有集体主义理性计算特征;不同场域和程度的集体行动有其各自规律.结论：价值观在集体行动参与决策中是一种与社会认同类似的基础性变量.     

When the poor excel: Poverty facilitates procedural learning

Recent research has shown that poverty directly impeded cognitive functions because the poor could be easily distracted by monetary concerns. We argue that this effect may be limited to functions relying on working memory. For functions that rely on proceduralized processes however, monetary concerns elicited by reminding of financial demands would be conducive rather than harmful. Our results supported this hypothesis by showing that participants with lower income reached the learning criterion of the information‐integration categorization task faster than their more affluent counterparts after reminding of financial demands.     

Exploring and Estimating the Revenues and Profits of Participants in Stolen Data Markets

Researchers have begun to explore the problem of mass data breaches, where consumer information is acquired by cybercriminals and sold in open markets on-line. Although studies document the social processes of the market and relationships between buyers and sellers, few have considered the revenues earned from market transactions. This study explored these issues using a sample of threads from 10 Russian language and 3 English language Web forums used to sell stolen data. Estimates were generated on the total number of transactions completed by participants along with the advertised prices for the two most common forms of personal information sold. The findings demonstrated that buyers may earn a range of revenues from the sale of stolen data, although this figure was smaller than the potential profits earned from fraudulent use and identity crimes by data buyers. The implications of this study for cybercrime research and policy are explored in detail.     

Expectation and cooperation in prisoner’s dilemmas: The moderating role of game riskiness

This paper investigated the effect of risk orientation, game riskiness, and expectation of cooperation on cooperation in one-shot prisoner’s dilemmas (PD). Participants in pairs played PD games that varied on game riskiness such that for half of the games cooperation was more risky than defection (more risky games) while for another half cooperation was less risky (less risky games). They estimated how likely it was that the other player was going to cooperate (expectation of cooperation) before they made their cooperation/defection decision on each game. Supporting the Goal/Expectation Hypothesis, we replicated the effect that expectation of cooperation enhanced cooperation. We also found that risk-seeking individuals cooperated more in more risky games whereas risk-averse individuals cooperated more in less risky games. More importantly, we found that game riskiness moderated the effect of expectation of cooperation on cooperation. The positive effect of expectation of cooperation on cooperation was stronger for more risky games than for less risky games. Our results illustrated how the relation between expectation and cooperation as stipulated by the Goal/Expectation Hypothesis was moderated by riskiness of the situations.