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11.
C. Ward Siruthers Judith G. Chipperfield Raymond P. Perry 《Journal of applied social psychology》1993,23(19):1619-1637
There is growing evidence to suggest that the ways in which people think about their health problems may have significant implications for psychological and physical well-being. This possibility has the greatest consequences for those groups facing health problems on a daily basis, in particular, the elderly. This study examined the role of perceived health barriers and value for health in later life. A Perceived Health Barriers (absent, present) by Health Value (low, medium, high) 2.3 factorial design was analyzed for younger and older seniors on: number of life-threatening diseases, need for health care, and life satisfaction. In addition, a longitudinal design was used to examine the joint roles of perceived health barriers (PHBs) and health value (HV) on mortality. Findings generally indicated that individuals’ PHBs and HV are associated with health-related outcomes; however, the results differed for young and old elders. Among young elders, those with PHBs and those with high HV had the most negati e profile. That is, they had more diseases, higher health care needs, and lower life satisfaction. Among older elders, the findings were more complicated in that the relationship between PHB and the outcomes depended on HV. Overall, the patterns for old elders suggest that perceived health barriers are most relevant among those with medium value for health and least relevant among those with low value for health. 相似文献
12.
L M Ward 《Perception & psychophysics》1990,47(6):551-562
Stimuli of random intensities and various but predictable frequencies were presented for repeated magnitude estimations on the same scale (mixed-frequency scaling). The frequencies for a particular judgment session were selected so that they lay either inside each other's critical bands or outside them. Contrastive dependencies of current magnitude estimation responses on previous stimuli of a different frequency were significantly affected by whether the two frequencies were inside or outside each other's critical bands, while assimilative dependencies were not. This reinforces the idea that such dependencies are sensory in nature and arise from a different mechanism than do the assimilative dependencies. Mixed-frequency scaling of loudness also gives rise to cross-frequency matching functions from which equal-loudness contours can be calculated. These contours calculated from the present judgments are similar to those produced from other methods, even when they are extrapolated to untested intensities. Power function exponents for loudness scaled in this way are larger for lower frequencies, as has been found in previous studies, and are consistent with the flattening of the calculated equal-loudness contours for low frequencies as intensity increases. 相似文献
13.
14.
David A. Ward Mark C. Stafford Louis N. Gray Ben A. Menke 《Journal of applied social psychology》1994,24(20):1777-1793
Traditional studies of deterrence have focused on punishment with less regard for the rewards of both crime and noncrime. Influenced by work in economics and behavioral psychology, more recent studies have departed from tradition by incorporating rewards for crime. To this extent, they should be regarded as advances over the more traditional approaches. Notwithstanding these advances, variations in both the probability and magnitude of reward for noncrime have not been systematically included in these more recent theories of choice. In an attempt to determine whether opportunities for noncrime are either central or trivial to the criminal decision-making process, the present study fitted two alternative models to experimental data involving risk-taking: (a) the economic utility model employed by Piliavin, Gartner, Thornton, and Matsueda (1986) in their study of criminal choice; and (b) the satisfaction balance model developed by Gray and Tallman (1984). Results showed that while both models explained significant amounts of variation in the dependent variable, the Gray-Tallman model provided a substantially better fit of the data. Despite limitations inherent in experimental studies as, for example, limitations surrounding the issue of external validity, the findings strongly suggest that opportunities for noncrime are as important as rewards and costs for crime in the process by which criminal decisions are made. 相似文献
15.
Verena H. Menec Raymond P. Perry C. Ward Struthers Dieter J. Schonwetter Frank J. Hechter Brila L. Eichholz 《Journal of applied social psychology》1994,24(8):675-701
Attributional retraining appears to be an effective remedial intervention for college students. However, the potential moderating effects of student and classroom characteristics have not yet been investigated systematically. In two studies, attributional retraining was provided to low- and high-risk students, followed by a videotaped lecture presented by either an ineffective or effective instructor. Attributional retraining enhanced achievement on a lecture-based achievement test only when combined with effective teaching, improving the achievement of students who had previously performed poorly (Experiment l), and of low-achieving externals (Experiment 2). The intervention provided no advantage for previously successful students and low-achieving internals. Moreover, attributional retraining induced a more internal attribution profile in students with an external locus, and increased expectations of future success in both externals and internals, but again only when students also received effective instruction. These results suggest that contextual factors related to the classroom, such as quality of instruction, and individual differences have to be considered when developing attributional retraining programs. 相似文献
16.
College students periodically experience many challenges in pursuit of their educational goals. Such experiences can have
deleterious effects on subsequent motivation and performance when they are perceived as negative. Research shows that some
students who experience negative events are buffered against motivational deficits, whereas others are motivationally at-risk.
Several individual difference variables have been proposed to account for such diverse reactions. A longitudinal field study
that involved three phases was conducted to extend this research. Phase I examined the motivational buffering effects of academic
attributional style on students' performance, motivation, and emotions. Results indicated that attributional style related
to students' performance, motivation, and emotions. Specifically, students who routinely made unstable and controllable attributions
for negative academic events exhibited the greatest performance and motivation compared to students who typically made stable
and uncontrollable attributions. Phases II and III were designed to examine the remedial benefits of attributional retraining
for different attributional styles. Findings indicated that attributional retraining influenced motivation, emotions, and
course grade. These results were qualified by the interaction between attributional style, attributional retraining, and time.
Findings are discussed within Weiner's (1985, 1986) attribution theory.
This research was based, in part, on the first author's dissertation submitted to the Department of Psychology and the Faculty
of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. This research
was supported by a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRCC) doctoral fellowship, a University of
Manitoba doctoral fellowship, and a SSHRCC postdoctoral fellowship to the first author. In addition, the research was also
supported by a SSHRCC research grant (#410911296) to the second author. The authors gratefully acknowledge the helpful comments
of Bernard Weiner, Harvey Keselman, John Adair, Rodney Clifton, and Robert Altemeyer. Also appreciated was the assistance
of Verena Menec and the Higher Education Research group. 相似文献
17.
Introduction and overview: Global information ethics 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This is an introduction to a set of papers on Computer Ethics from the conference ETHICOMP95. Taken as a whole, the collection
of papers provides arguments and concepts to launch a new development in computer ethics: ‘Global Information Ethics’. A rationale
for globalization is provided, as well as some early efforts which move in that direction.
ETHICOMP95, an international conference on Computer Ethics, was held 28–30 March 1995 at De Montfort University, Leicester,
UK. Co-directors were Terrell Ward Bynum and Simon Rogerson. 相似文献
18.
Bernardo J Carducci Paul C Cozby Charles D Ward 《Journal of experimental social psychology》1978,14(5):449-457
In an attempt to reconcile conflicting results concerning the effects of sexual arousal on interpersonal evaluations, hypotheses based on adaptation level, arousal-need gratification, and labeling of arousal explanations were tested. The variables of sexual arousal, technique of stimulus material presentation, physical attractiveness of the original stimulus female, and physical attractiveness of the final target person being judged were manipulated in a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 design. A significant three-way interaction (Arousal × Stimulus Attractiveness × Target Attractiveness) obtained on all measures of interpersonal evaluation was interpreted as supporting a labeling of arousal explanation. It is suggested that subjects first interpret their arousal as being caused by their attraction toward the stimulus person. The characteristics of the stimulus person then become a factor used by subjects when they subsequently make judgments of target females. The adaptation-level and arousal-need gratification hypotheses were not supported. 相似文献
19.
20.
J K Bengston J C Stergios J L Ward R E Jester 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》1980,6(4):751-759
This study explored whether special mechanisms are operative in picture perception to correct for the distortion that occurs when pictures are viewed from the wrong station point. Five photographs were taken of a layout composed of two same-sized dolls positioned at different distances on a flat untextured ground. Perspective differences existed between the photographs as a function of varying the distance of the camera to the layout. Each picture was viewed from five station points along the normal by 12 adults who estimated the relative magnitude of the depth interval between the dolls and judged whether the rear doll was objectively smaller, larger, or the same size as the front doll. No evidence was found of a compensation mechanism operating to stabilize the pictured layout. Distance and size judgments were affected in a manner that was consistent with what would occur if an actual layout and the conditions under which it were viewed were similarly transformed. 相似文献