斯腾伯格思维风格理论述评

通过对传统学校教育弊端的分析,引入了斯腾伯格的“思维风格”理论,即三个层面上13种不同风格的心理自我管理理论,同时阐述了该理论与智力的关系,以及对学校教学改革的影响。我们通过保存多种风格形式,提升学校教学和评估环爷,将多种教育方式匹配于不同的风格类型,并积极教授之来实现对传统教学体制的改革。     

择偶复制:一种适应性的性选择策略

择偶复制是一种择偶策略.在阐明择偶复制概念及研究范式的基础上,以阐述择偶复制影响因素的形式,介绍了择偶复制的研究成果、发展脉络.例如,性别影响择偶复制:相对于男性,女性被试更容易产生择偶复制;身体吸引力、性策略、年龄及性经验等影响择偶复制.在此基础上,进一步指出择偶复制的一般化是导致择偶偏好群体内一致性和群体间差异性的原因之一.最后,点明择偶复制的性质:基于社会学习的、适应性的性选择策略.     

青少年亲子关系与网络成瘾:孤独感的中介作用

采用分层整群取样的方法,在北京市九所中学共抽取3766名中学生,要求以匿名方式填写Buchnan等人的亲子亲密度量表、雷雳等人的青少年病理性互联网使用量表和Asher等人的儿童孤独量表,考察青少年的父子关系、母子关系、孤独感与网络成瘾的关系。通过相关分析、结构方程模型等分析方法,结果发现:(1)中学生的网络成瘾率为11.2%,且男生的网络成瘾率显著高于女生的成瘾率;重点中学青少年的网络成瘾率显著低于普通中学和职业中学;(2)中学生的亲子关系与自身的孤独感、网络成瘾均呈显著负相关;而中学生的孤独感与自身的网络成瘾呈显著正相关;(3)父子关系不仅可以直接显著负向预测青少年的网络成瘾程度,而且还可以通过影响青少年的孤独感进而间接地负向预测青少年的网络成瘾;而母子关系只通过影响青少年的孤独感间接地负向预测青少年的网络成瘾。总之,孤独感在中学生父子关系影响自身网络成瘾的关系中起部分中介作用;而在母子关系影响自身网络成瘾的关系中起完全中介作用。     

竞争情境下社会比较认知偏差实验研究

本文以在校大学生为被试,考察社会比较的一个重要领域—学业竞争中的比较偏差。通过操纵竞争双方的实力(强VS.弱)以及竞争对手的信息清晰度(清晰VS.模糊)来考察不同的任务类型与信息清晰度对竞争中认知偏差的影响,以及探讨认知偏差对决策者决策意图的影响。结果发现,在社会比较中,面对不同类型的问题,会出现不同的认知偏差;竞争双方信息清晰时优于常人效应会减弱;认知偏差会影响个体的决策意图和决策行为。     

Using SAS PROC TCALIS for multigroup structural equation modelling with mean structures

Multigroup structural equation modelling (SEM) is a technique frequently used to evaluate measurement invariance in social and behavioural science research. Before version 9.2, SAS was incapable of handling multigroup SEM. However, this limitation is resolved in PROC TCALIS in SAS 9.2. For the purpose of illustration, this paper provides a step-by-step guide to programming the tests of measurement invariance and partial invariance using PROC TCALIS for multigroup SEM with mean structures. Fit indices and parameter estimates are validated, thus providing an alternative tool for researchers conducting both applied and simulated studies. Other new features (e.g., different types of modelling languages and estimation methods) and limitations (e.g., ordered-categorical SEM and multilevel SEM) of the TCALIS procedure are also briefly discussed.     

Integrating physical constraints in statistical inference by 11-month-old infants

Much research on cognitive development focuses either on early-emerging domain-specific knowledge or domain-general learning mechanisms. However, little research examines how these sources of knowledge interact. Previous research suggests that young infants can make inferences from samples to populations (Xu & Garcia, 2008) and 11- to 12.5-month-old infants can integrate psychological and physical knowledge in probabilistic reasoning (Teglas, Girotto, Gonzalez, & Bonatti, 2007; Xu & Denison, 2009). Here, we ask whether infants can integrate a physical constraint of immobility into a statistical inference mechanism. Results from three experiments suggest that, first, infants were able to use domain-specific knowledge to override statistical information, reasoning that sometimes a physical constraint is more informative than probabilistic information. Second, we provide the first evidence that infants are capable of applying domain-specific knowledge in probabilistic reasoning by using a physical constraint to exclude one set of objects while computing probabilities over the remaining sets.     

Induction, overhypothesis, and the origin of abstract knowledge. Evidence from 9-month-old infants

Human cognition relies on the ability to extract generalizable knowledge from limited evidence. One type of inductive learning, overhypothesis formation, allows learners to make inferences that take them beyond the limits of direct experience, leading to the creation of abstract knowledge. The developmental roots of this ability have yet to be investigated. We report three experiments examining whether 9-month-old infants are capable of forming overhypotheses. Our results show that when given evidence about a few objects in some category, infants formed a second-order generalization about categories in general. These findings provide evidence that infants possess a powerful mechanism for inductive learning-a mechanism that may be applied to many domains and that can account for the development of many inductive biases later on.     

实现医学整合,满足门诊患者新需求——“一站式”多学科综合门诊

为了在门诊落实"一切以病人为中心"的服务理念,通过调查、了解病人的需求,改变传统的就医模式,将多学科整合,推出创新的"一站式"多学科综合门诊。改善了就诊流程,简化了就诊手续,对疑难杂症提供全方位、多学科综合诊疗,同时缩短患者就诊等候时间和多次往返各门诊的不便,减少就诊环节,实现医学整合,满足患者需求。