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581.
Standard economic models assume people exclusively pursue material self‐interests in social interactions. However, people exhibit social preferences; that is, they base their choices partly on the outcomes others obtained in a social interaction. People care about fairness, and reciprocity affects behavior. This study examines the differences in negative reciprocity (costly punishment for unfair divisions) as a function of age. Sixty‐one kindergarteners (5‐year‐olds), 53 second graders (8‐year‐olds), and 57 sixth graders (12‐year‐olds) played a dictator game or a mini–ultimatum game either with a human proposer or with a random machine that determined the division between the two players. By keeping the divisions between the players constant and varying the source of the unfair proposal, we were able to differentiate between reciprocity‐based and inequality‐aversion preferences. We found that kindergarteners proposed and accepted unfair divisions regardless of the source of the offer, behaving according to the standard economic model. Children in the sixth grade tended to reject unfair offers from a human proposer but accept unfair divisions from a random device, indicating the emergence of negative reciprocity preferences by age eight (and contrary to inequality aversion). Children at this age also tended to give more fair offers in the ultimatum game than in the dictator game, indicating the emergence of strategic thinking. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
582.
583.
Joni L. Mihura Gregory J. Meyer Nicolae Dumitrascu George Bombel 《Journal of personality assessment》2016,98(4):343-350
We respond to Tibon Czopp and Zeligman's (2016) critique of our systematic reviews and meta-analyses of 65 Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS) variables published in Psychological Bulletin (2013). The authors endorsed our supportive findings but critiqued the same methodology when used for the 13 unsupported variables. Unfortunately, their commentary was based on significant misunderstandings of our meta-analytic method and results, such as thinking we used introspectively assessed criteria in classifying levels of support and reporting only a subset of our externally assessed criteria. We systematically address their arguments that our construct label and criterion variable choices were inaccurate and, therefore, meta-analytic validity for these 13 CS variables was artificially low. For example, the authors created new construct labels for these variables that they called “the customary CS interpretation,” but did not describe their methodology nor provide evidence that their labels would result in better validity than ours. They cite studies they believe we should have included; we explain how these studies did not fit our inclusion criteria and that including them would have actually reduced the relevant CS variables’ meta-analytic validity. Ultimately, criticisms alone cannot change meta-analytic support from negative to positive; Tibon Czopp and Zeligman would need to conduct their own construct validity meta-analyses. 相似文献
584.
Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy - Previous research has firmly established the efficacy of Motivational Interviewing (MI) in helping individuals to overcome their alcohol addiction. However,... 相似文献
585.
586.
‘Acting in the Children’s Best Interest?’: Examining Victims’ Responses to Intimate Partner Violence
Silke Meyer 《Journal of child and family studies》2011,20(4):436-443
Victims’ responses to violent experiences within intimate relationships are highly diverse and can range from remaining silent,
at least temporarily, to disclosing the abuse to informal and formal sources of support. Decisions to remain silent or to
reach out for support are influenced by a complex range of factors, including situational circumstances, such as the presence
of children. Using data from in-depth interviews with victims of IPV (N = 29) in Southeast Queensland, Australia, I examined victims’ responses to IPV when children are present in the abusive household.
Victims, who accessed general formal support sources, including the criminal justice systems and Child Protection Services
(CPS), frequently faced stereotypical and victim-blaming attitudes along with a lack of understanding of the dynamics of IPV
and the circumstances surrounding victims’ help-seeking decisions. The presence of children in abuse relationships complicated
victims’ help-seeking decisions because fear of harm and loss of custody often delayed or hindered the disclosure of IPV to
formal support sources. Once disclosing the abuse victims often found themselves trapped between CPS expectations to protect
their children by leaving the abusive partner and a reluctance on behalf of judges and magistrates to offer the necessary
protection by including children on granted Domestic Violence Orders (DVO). These findings highlight the ongoing need for
specialized training of CPS personnel, judges and magistrates along with an ongoing collaboration with the women’s sector
to ensure the safety of victims and their children throughout the help-seeking process and to improve victims’ confidence
in disclosing IPV. 相似文献
587.
Most approaches to iterated belief revision are accompanied by some motivation for the use of the proposed revision operator (or family of operators), and typically
encode enough information in the epistemic state of an agent for uniquely determining one-step revision. But in those approaches describing a family of operators there is usually little indication of how to proceed uniquely after the first revision step. In this paper we
contribute towards addressing that deficiency by providing a formal framework which goes beyond the first revision step in
two ways. First, the framework is obtained by enriching the epistemic state of an agent starting from the following intuitive
idea: we associate to each world x two abstract objects x
+ and x
−, and we assume that, in addition to preferences over the set of worlds, we are given preferences over this set of objects
as well. The latter can be considered as meta-information encoded in the epistemic state which enables us to go beyond the
first revision step of the revision operator being applied, and to obtain a unique set of preferences over worlds. We then
extend this framework to consider, not only the revision of preferences over worlds, but also the revision of this extended
structure itself. We look at some desirable properties for revising the structure and prove the consistency of these properties
by giving a concrete operator satisfying all of them. Perhaps more importantly, we show that this framework has strong connections
with two other types of constructions in related areas. Firstly, it can be seen as a special case of preference aggregation which opens up the possibility of extending the framework presented here into a full-fledged framework for preference aggregation
and social choice theory. Secondly, it is related to existing work on the use of interval orderings in a number of different contexts. 相似文献
588.
We describe the key features of the visual world paradigm and review the main research areas where it has been used. In our discussion we highlight that the paradigm provides information about the way language users integrate linguistic information with information derived from the visual environment. Therefore the paradigm is well suited to study one of the key issues of current cognitive psychology, namely the interplay between linguistic and visual information processing. However, conclusions about linguistic processing (e.g., about activation, competition, and timing of access of linguistic representations) in the absence of relevant visual information must be drawn with caution. 相似文献
589.
John P. Meyer Laura J. Stanley Natalya M. Parfyonova 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2012,80(1):1-16
It is well established that employee commitment can take different forms (e.g., affective, normative, and continuance), yet it is only recently that theory has been advanced to explain how these different forms combine to influence behavior (Meyer & Herscovitch, 2001). We tested this theory with data from employees in three human services organizations (N = 403). Using latent profile analyses, we identified six distinct profile groups and found that they differed on measures of need satisfaction, regulation, affect, engagement, organizational citizenship behavior, and well-being. The observed differences are consistent with the notion that a commitment profile provides a context that determines how the individual components are experienced (Gellatly, Meyer, & Luchak, 2006). We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of this context effect. 相似文献
590.
Jc Beall Ross Brady J. Michael Dunn A. P. Hazen Edwin Mares Robert K. Meyer Graham Priest Greg Restall David Ripley John Slaney Richard Sylvan 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2012,41(3):595-612
One of the most dominant approaches to semantics for relevant (and many paraconsistent) logics is the Routley?CMeyer semantics involving a ternary relation on points. To some (many?), this ternary relation has seemed like a technical trick devoid of an intuitively appealing philosophical story that connects it up with conditionality in general. In this paper, we respond to this worry by providing three different philosophical accounts of the ternary relation that correspond to three conceptions of conditionality. We close by briefly discussing a general conception of conditionality that may unify the three given conceptions. 相似文献