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981.
W L Earl 《Adolescence》1987,22(86):419-432
Motivation and human achievement remain something of a mystery to the psychologist because the participating factors are varied and complex. This research project attempts to separate out an entity defined as self-trust from more social components of self-function (self-esteem and social appropriateness). The strong indication is that self-trust seems to be the product of a relationship with the secondary caretaker (father) while the broader, more generalized sense of trust and interactive reliability appear to be tied to a close association with mother. The question of who the individual seeks to please is a consideration in this research since closeness may not be restricted to affective alliance. Self-trust, as a concept, can be differentiated from self-esteem or interpersonal trust which offers some appreciation for the creative drive within individuals who pursue original solutions in their push to please. 相似文献
982.
Keeping juvenile delinquents in school: a prediction model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The purpose of this study was to test an empirically based prediction model of school dropout on a sample of 137 juvenile delinquents, some who have dropped out and some who have remained in school. The specific factors among the many found in previous research that are salient for predicting whether delinquent youths will drop out or remain in school were determined. An important finding of this study is that it required only four factors to yield a high level of prediction: misbehavior in school, disliking school, the negative influence of peers with respect to dropping out and getting into trouble, and a marginal or weak relationship with parents. The four factors identified create a model that is directly applicable to prevention strategies and is extremely parsimonious. 相似文献
983.
The Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOM-EIS) was examined for reliability and validity among early/middle adolescent subjects. The EOM-EIS represents a combination of the Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status and a structured interview of identity status. The instrument was designed to measure ego identity with regard to occupational, religious, political, philosophical, and social contexts along ideological and interpersonal dimensions. A total of 467 students aged 12 to 18 (median = 15.73) responded to the instrument. In general the results from the analyses of reliability, validity, demographic characteristics, and psychosocial maturity yielded results which parallel the theoretical framework and the results from college-aged subjects. 相似文献
984.
R K Mills 《Adolescence》1987,22(87):641-646
This article explores the use of fiction in the classroom as a tool for enhancing the self-understanding of adolescents. Specifically, two novels by S.E. Hinton are used as examples. Theoretical consideration as well as practical classroom activities are discussed. 相似文献
985.
R Teeter 《Adolescence》1987,22(86):253-257
The prominence of sport in the American secondary school curriculum owes much to 19th-century child development theories, the most prominent of which (Von Baer's Law) originated in embryology, the forerunner of modern psychology. Von Baer's Law held that embryonic development formed a condensed record of human development, that the embryo in the womb represented in miniature the overall organic evolution of man. The "law" held that youth passed through the same developmental gradations ontogenetically that the human race passed through phylogenetically; that youth repeated in their development approximately the development, from barbarity to civilization, of the human race. Indeed, they stood at a primitive developmental level and simply passed through a stage the human race had passed through thousands of years earlier. Von Baer's Law became a scientific rationale for sport in American schools, most particularly, football, which was believed to be spirited enough to "satisfy the racial claim" and mitigate against antisocial aggressiveness. 相似文献
986.
Psychobiological Factors Predicting the Course of Breast Cancer 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Mogens R. Jensen 《Journal of personality》1987,55(2):317-342
Drawing on a carefully controlled sample of 52 women with a history of breast carcinoma and 34 healthy controls, this prospective study examined empirical associations between psychological factors and the progression of neoplastic disorders over a follow-up period averaging 624 days. Psychological variables were psychometrically assessed by self-report measures. A multiple regression analysis which controlled for disease stage at original diagnosis, age, total length of disease course, hematological factors, and blood chemistries measured at study onset showed neoplastic spread to be associated with a repressive personality style, reduced expression of negative affect, helplessness-hopelessness, chronic stress, and comforting daydreaming. The identified model of medical and psychological variables accounted for 56% of the observed variance. A psychobiological model of brain-body disregulation provided the best account of the observed associations between psychological functioning and the progression of disease. Future research is necessary to examine the role which psychological functioning may exert upon health-relevant behaviors that might blunt the benefits of professional health care. 相似文献
987.
Using a backward-masking paradigm with a bias-free and ceiling-free psychophysical task, we tested hypnotized and control subjects for speed of visual information processing. Approximately half of each group received visual imagery suggestions in an attempt to influence attention. Imagery produced no significant differential effect. Although an absence of a hypnotizability-performance relationship was in keeping with findings of a previous study, those subjects in the present study who performed under hypnosis were, as a group, significantly superior to the other subjects in speed of information processing. 相似文献
988.
Dittmar, Warm, and Dember (1985) suggested that visual parallax may lead to declines in perceptual sensitivity over time in spatial vigilance tasks involving comparative judgments. The present study tested this possibility by restraining subjects' head movements during a 1-hr vigil in which comparative (simultaneous task) or absolute (successive task) judgments of line length were necessary for signal detection. Under free-viewing conditions, perceptual sensitivity declined over time with both types of tasks. Head restraint eliminated the sensitivity decrement in both cases. The results highlight signal quality as a crucial determinant of perceptual decrements in sustained attention. 相似文献
989.
Families of Adolescent Drug Abusers Are “Rigid”: Are These Families Either “Disengaged” or “Enmeshed,” or Both? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The FACES instrument, based on Olson's Circumplex Model of family functioning, was administered to 96 adolescent drug-abuse clients and their parents. The majority of these families categorized themselves as "disengaged" (rather than "enmeshed") on the cohesion dimension, and as "rigid" (rather than "chaotic") on the adaptability dimension. These findings were unexpected as they were substantially different from published findings on families with other types of problems. Family therapists, utilizing Olson's Clinical Rating Scale for the Circumplex Model, characterized significantly more of these same families as "enmeshed," rather than "disengaged." Possible explanations for the difference between the therapists' perceptions and the families' self-perceptions are discussed. 相似文献
990.
In the context of an annual fundraising drive for the American Society, two field experiments were conducted to test the relative effectiveness of suggesting either small or large contributions. In experiment 1, as part of a door-to-door campaign 300 people were randomly assigned to: (a) a standard request for contributions (control); (b) the standard request plus the words, “even a penny will help”; or (c) the standard request plus the words, “a generous contribution would really help.” As hypothesized, asking for a generous contribution significantly decreased the percentage of people who donated and failed to increase the average size of contribution by those who gave. Inconsistent with previous findings, the even-a-penny condition did not increase donating. In the second experiment conceptually similar requests were made in a mail-out campaign: 6,000 requests were made—2,000 suggested relatively small amounts (options beginning at $5); 2,000 suggested large amounts (options beginning at $5); and 2,000 were unspecified with regard to recommended amount (control). As expected, compared to the control condition, asking for small amounts increased the proportion of donors to nondonors without decreasing the average size of contributions, while asking for large amounts decreased the proportion of donors to nondonors without increasing the size of contributions. It is suggested that the findings have important implications for charitable fundraising. 相似文献