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971.
972.
Literature on the counseling needs of special populations typically has focused on the inadequate treatment those populations receive. Counselor education programs have responded by developing courses that target specific populations such as women, minorities, or disabled people. There are serious drawbacks, however, to this proliferation of specialized courses. In this article the authors discuss those drawbacks and argue that counselor education programs should include an integrated course that facilitates student self-awareness in conjunction with practical experience with a variety of clients. 相似文献
973.
J K O'Hanlon B D Sachs 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》1986,100(2):178-187
Three experiments with rats (Rattus norvegicus) were conducted to examine the roles of the male's penile spines and penile cups (flaring of the distal glans) in the induction of luteal activity in the female, and in the removal of copulatory plugs from the vaginal tract. The results of Experiment 1 revealed no role for the cup in luteal induction but did suggest that elements of the ejaculatory reflex apart from cup formation contribute to the elicitation of this neuroendocrine response. The origin of this stimulatory effect was not directly determined, but indirect evidence suggested a role for penile spines. In Experiments 2 and 3, features of the glans penis that might help effect plug removal were investigated, and the experiments demonstrated that penile spines, perhaps in conjunction with penile cups, contribute to the extraction of plugs from the vagina. 相似文献
974.
975.
Factors affecting spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) in animals, for example, age, gender and species studied; type of
apparatus and cues employed; and neuro-anatomical, neuro-chemical and motivational status of the organism, were reviewed.
Despite a myriad of experiments showing interesting main effects of such variables, little research has been performed assessing
the interactive affects of these factors on alternation behavior. For example, psychologists test rats in central nervous
system (CNS) lesion studies, whereas psychopharmacologists tend to assess SAB in mice. Most importantly, studies have not
been reported investigating the possible interactions among species, brain lesions and drugs. This is an unfortunate omission
since several important alternation models include propositions relating to cholinergic and/or serotonergic coding in the
hippocampus. Examination of behavioral studies revealed the primary cue for alternation among invertebrates to be body turn,
whereas vertebrates rely primarily on directional and odor cues. Reference to the seeking of stimulus change remains the most
compelling motivational account of why animals manifest this ubiquitious and reliable behavior pattern.
This review and the unpublished studies were supported by Research Grants MH16962, MH21288, and MH36491 from the National
Institute of Mental Health and the Wake Forest University Research and Publication Fund. 相似文献
976.
This article is based on a review of recent literature on “computing stress”; that is, on the psychological stress effects
of working with computer systems. Current research into the sources of computer-related stress has tended to concentrate on
those employees who operate Visual Display Units (VDUs), either on a full-time professional basis as word-processor (WP) operators,
data-entry clerks, secretaries, or those dealing with enquiries from the public; or employees who use the VDU irregularly
as part of their other duties. A few studies have looked at specific occupation groups, such as printers (Kalimo & Lepp?nen,
1985), information technology professionals (programers and analysts), process workers, and college students (Sproull, Kiesler,
& Zubrow, 1984). Generally, however, research has been carried out on office workers, more often women, carrying out administrative
tasks. An attempt is made to identify those potential work-related stressors that have been isolated by these studies, and
also included are criticisms of the general methodologies used in many of them.
The terms “visual display unit,” “visual display terminal,” VDU, VDT, and “terminal” are used interchangeably. 相似文献
977.
John E. Douglas Robert K. Ressler Ann W. Burgess Carol R. Hartman 《Behavioral sciences & the law》1986,4(4):401-421
Since the 1970s, investigative profilers at the FBI's Behavioral Science Unit (now part of the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime) have been assisting local, state, and federal agencies in narrowing investigations by providing criminal personality profiles. An attempt is now being made to describe this criminal-profile-generating process. A series of five overlapping stages lead to the sixth stage, or the goal of apprehension of the offender: (1) profiling inputs, (2) decision-process models, (3) crime assessment, (4) the criminal profile, (5) investigation, and (6) apprehension. Two key feedback filters in the process are: (a) achieving congruence with the evidence, with decision models, and with investigation recommendations, and (b) the addition of new evidence. 相似文献
978.
L Gray R Jahrsdoerfer 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》1986,100(2):91-94
Neonatal ducklings and chickens were tested for responsiveness to a pulsing pure tone that was as similar as possible to the mallard maternal alarm call. It is known that ducklings momentarily cease vocalizing when they hear the alarm call and that chicks do the same when they hear pure tones. The duration of peep suppression can thus be used as a measure of whether subjects of either species heard the stimulus. Chicks might not be as sensitive as ducklings to a mallard alarm call because the signal is less significant to them. An adaptive or staircase procedure was used to estimate absolute thresholds, and group psychometric functions were reconstructed for each species from the trial-by-trial data. Ducklings had lower thresholds than chickens as well as steeper psychometric functions to this stimulus. The results suggest that more sensitive and consistent behavioral responses can be elicited by naturalistic sounds than by more arbitrary acoustic stimuli. 相似文献
979.
This paper describes an attempt at forming and conducting a unique single-gender psychotherapy group with severely disturbed female adolescents on a long-term, psychotherapeutically oriented co-ed inpatient unit. The focus of this group was assisting the female patients in negotiating the tasks and conflicts specific to their gender and developmental stage. The therapeutic approach and the role of female coleaders are described, emphasizing particular modifications made to meet the needs of this group. Clinical examples are offered to high-light salient group themes of identity formation and separation and individuation. Finally, group therapeutic factors specifically enhanced by single gender membership are discussed and observations regarding the group/milieu interface are explored. 相似文献
980.
The role of spatial-frequency channels in the perception of local and global structure 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Adaptation and reaction-time techniques were used to examine the role of different spatial-frequency channels in the perception of local and global structure. Subjects were shown figures consisting of a large C composed of smaller Cs and asked to identify the orientation of either the global C or its local elements. Prior to performing the task subjects were adapted to different spatial frequencies and the effect on subsequent performance was assessed. Two main results were found. First, the adapting frequency that most affected the global task was often lower than that most affecting the local task, suggesting that high and low frequencies independently code the structure of an image. Second, reaction time to global figures was often faster than to local figures at all levels of detectability, again suggesting a role of low-frequency channels in global processing. 相似文献