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921.
Jeffrey S. Ashby Wendy L. Dickinson Philip B. Gnilka Christina L. Noble 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2011,89(2):131-139
The authors examined the relationship of perfectionism, hope, and depression in a sample of 153 middle school students. Adaptive perfectionists differed significantly from both maladaptive perfectionists and nonperfectionists on their levels of hope and depression. Hope mediated the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and depression and supported an indirect effects model for hope and the relationship between adaptive perfectionism and depression. No evidence was found for hope as a moderator in the relationship between perfectionism and depression. 相似文献
922.
Elizabeth A. Cook Charlie A. Davidson Jeffrey R. Nolting William D. Spaulding 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(1):111-120
Ratings of ward behavior and skill acquisition are important criteria for monitoring an individual’s recovery trajectory during
inpatient psychiatric rehabilitation. This study compared data from the Nurses’ Observational Scale for Inpatient Evaluation
(NOSIE) and the Independent Living Skills Inventory (ILSI) to identify relationships between ward behaviors and independent
living skills and to support the convergent validity of these instruments. The criterion-related validity of the instruments
in their relationships with time in program (TIP) and number of previous hospitalizations (#HOSP) was also investigated. NOSIE
“positive” subscales were more strongly related to living skills than NOSIE “negative” subscales. The NOSIE and the ILSI predicted
TIP and postdicted #HOSP equally well. Implications for assessment and recommendations for future research are discussed. 相似文献
923.
A second type of magnitude effect: Reinforcer magnitude differentiates delay discounting between substance users and controls 下载免费PDF全文
Alexandra M. Mellis Alina E. Woodford Jeffrey S. Stein Warren K. Bickel 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2017,107(1):151-160
Basic research on delay discounting, examining preference for smaller–sooner or larger–later reinforcers, has demonstrated a variety of findings of considerable generality. One of these, the magnitude effect, is the observation that individuals tend to exhibit greater preference for the immediate with smaller magnitude reinforcers. Delay discounting has also proved to be a useful marker of addiction, as demonstrated by the highly replicated finding of greater discounting rates in substance users compared to controls. However, some research on delay discounting rates in substance users, particularly research examining discounting of small‐magnitude reinforcers, has not found significant differences compared to controls. Here, we hypothesize that the magnitude effect could produce ceiling effects at small magnitudes, thus obscuring differences in delay discounting between groups. We examined differences in discounting between high‐risk substance users and controls over a broad range of magnitudes of monetary amounts ($0.10, $1.00, $10.00, $100.00, and $1000.00) in 116 Amazon Mechanical Turk workers. We found no significant differences in discounting rates between users and controls at the smallest reinforcer magnitudes ($0.10 and $1.00) and further found that differences became more pronounced as magnitudes increased. These results provide an understanding of a second form of the magnitude effect: That is, differences in discounting between populations can become more evident as a function of reinforcer magnitude. 相似文献
924.
Children acquiring languages with noun classes (grammatical gender) have ample statistical information available that characterizes the distribution of nouns into these classes, but their use of this information to classify novel nouns differs from the predictions made by an optimal Bayesian classifier. We use rational analysis to investigate the hypothesis that children are classifying nouns optimally with respect to a distribution that does not match the surface distribution of statistical features in their input. We propose three ways in which children's apparent statistical insensitivity might arise, and find that all three provide ways to account for the difference between children's behavior and the optimal classifier. A fourth model combines two of these proposals and finds that children's insensitivity is best modeled as a bias to ignore certain features during classification, rather than an inability to encode those features during learning. These results provide insight into children's developing knowledge of noun classes and highlight the complex ways in which statistical information from the input interacts with children's learning processes. 相似文献
925.
We present evidence that different mental spatial transformations are used to reason about three different types of items representing a spectrum of animacy: human bodies, nonhuman animals, and inanimate objects. Participants made two different judgments about rotated figures: handedness judgments (“Is this the left or right side?”) and matching judgments (“Are these figures the same?”). Perspective-taking strategies were most prevalent when participants made handedness judgments about human bodies and animals. In contrast, participants generally did not imagine changes in perspective to perform matching judgments. Such results suggest that high-level information about semantic categories, including information about a thing’s animacy, can influence how spatial representations are transformed when performing online problem solving. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://mc.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
926.
927.
W. Todd Maddox Brian D. Glass Jeffrey B. O’Brien J. Vincent Filoteo F. Gregory Ashby 《Psychological research》2010,74(2):219-236
The category shift literature suggests that rule-based classification, an important form of explicit learning, is mediated
by two separate learned associations: a stimulus-to-label association that associates stimuli and category labels, and a label-to-response
association that associates category labels and responses. Three experiments investigate whether information–integration classification,
an important form of implicit learning, is also mediated by two separate learned associations. Participants were trained on
a rule-based or an information–integration categorization task and then the association between stimulus and category label,
or between category label and response location was altered. For rule-based categories, and in line with previous research,
breaking the association between stimulus and category label caused more interference than breaking the association between
category label and response location. However, no differences in recovery rate emerged. For information–integration categories,
breaking the association between stimulus and category label caused more interference and led to greater recovery than breaking
the association between category label and response location. These results provide evidence that information–integration
category learning is mediated by separate stimulus-to-label and label-to-response associations. Implications for the neurobiological
basis of these two learned associations are discussed. 相似文献
928.
Christopher R. Latty Jeffrey J. Angera Kathleen Burns-Jager 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2010,32(3):348-359
In this article we outline the facilitation of a marriage and family therapy (MFT) course that introduces undergraduates to
MFT theory, research, and professional development. We also examine students’ reports on the influence of the course relative
to their development of graduate training aspirations and desired pursuit of MFT as a potential career. Additionally, students
offered reflections about what most inspired their learning and attention towards MFT as a potential profession. Results indicate
that the course aided students in career path discernment, preparation for MFT graduate program entrance, and socialization
to develop future professional relationships with MFTs. 相似文献
929.
William A. Gentry Jeffrey Yip Kelly M. Hannum 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2010,18(3):237-250
Antecedents to self–observer rating discrepancies in multisource instruments have been established at the individual and organizational level. However, research examining cultural antecedents is limited, which is particularly relevant as multisource instruments gain popularity around the world. We investigated multisource ratings of 860 Asian managers from the regions of Southern Asia (n=261) and Confucian Asia (n=599) and analyzed cultural differences in self–observer rating discrepancies. Multivariate regression procedures revealed that the self–observer rating discrepancy was wider for managers from Southern Asia as compared with Confucian Asia. The reason for the discrepancy was driven by managers' self‐ratings being different across cultures than by observer ratings from managers' bosses, direct reports, or peers; the predictor is related to self‐ratings not observer ratings, producing differential self–observer ratings due to self‐ratings. We discuss cultural differences in self‐ and observer ratings within Asia and provide implications for the practice of multisource assessments. 相似文献
930.
Patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) not only fear negative evaluation but are indeed less likeable than people without SAD. Previous research shows social performance to mediate this social anxiety-social rejection relationship. This study studied two pathways hypothesized to lead to poor social performance in social anxiety: increased self-focused attention and negative beliefs. State social anxiety was experimentally manipulated in high and low-blushing-fearful individuals by letting half of the participants believe that they blushed intensely during a 5 min getting-acquainted interaction with two confederates. Participants rated their state social anxiety, self-focused attention, and level of negative beliefs. Two confederates and two video-observers rated subsequently likeability (i.e., social rejection) and social performance of the participants. In both groups, the social anxiety-social rejection relationship was present. Although state social anxiety was related to heightened self-focused attention and negative beliefs, only negative beliefs were associated with relatively poor social performance. In contrast to current SAD models, self-focused attention did not play a key-role in poor social performance but seemed to function as a by-product of state social anxiety. Beliefs of being negatively evaluated seem to elicit changes in behavioral repertoire resulting in a poor social performance and subsequent rejection. 相似文献