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881.
Hadjistavropoulos T Craig KD Duck S Cano A Goubert L Jackson PL Mogil JS Rainville P Sullivan MJ de C Williams AC Vervoort T Fitzgerald TD 《Psychological bulletin》2011,137(6):910-939
We present a detailed framework for understanding the numerous and complicated interactions among psychological and social determinants of pain through examination of the process of pain communication. The focus is on an improved understanding of immediate dyadic transactions during painful events in the context of broader social phenomena. Fine-grain consideration of social transactions during pain leads to an appreciation of sociobehavioral events affecting both suffering persons as well as caregivers. Our examination considers knowledge from a variety of perspectives, including clinical health psychology, social and developmental processes, evolutionary psychology, communication studies, and behavioral neuroscience. 相似文献
882.
883.
Intelligent design advocate William Dembski has introduced a measure of information called “complex specified information”,
or CSI. He claims that CSI is a reliable marker of design by intelligent agents. He puts forth a “Law of Conservation of Information”
which states that chance and natural laws are incapable of generating CSI. In particular, CSI cannot be generated by evolutionary
computation. Dembski asserts that CSI is present in intelligent causes and in the flagellum of Escherichia coli, and concludes that neither have natural explanations. In this paper, we examine Dembski’s claims, point out significant
errors in his reasoning, and conclude that there is no reason to accept his assertions. 相似文献
884.
Everyday activities break down into parts and subparts, and appreciating this hierarchical structure is an important component
of understanding. In two experiments we found age differences in the ability to perceive hierarchical structure in continuous
activity. In both experiments, younger and older adults segmented movies of everyday activities into large and small meaningful
events. Older adults’ segmentation deviated more from group norms than did younger adults’ segmentation, and older adults’
segmentation was less hierarchically organized than that of younger adults. Older adults performed less well than younger
adults on event memory tasks. In some cases, measures of event segmentation discriminated between those older adults with
better and worse memory. These results suggest that the hierarchical encoding of ongoing activity declines with age, and that
such encoding may be important for memory. 相似文献
885.
Satterthwaite TD Wolf DH Pinkham AE Ruparel K Elliott MA Valdez JN Overton E Seubert J Gur RE Gur RC Loughead J 《Brain and cognition》2011,76(3):353-363
Lesion and electrophysiological studies in animals provide evidence of opposing functions for subcortical nuclei such as the amygdala and ventral striatum, but the implications of these findings for emotion identification in humans remain poorly described. Here we report a high-resolution fMRI study in a sample of 39 healthy subjects who performed a well-characterized emotion identification task. As expected, the amygdala responded to THREAT (angry or fearful) faces more than NON-THREAT (sad or happy) faces. A functional connectivity analysis of the time series from an anatomically defined amygdala seed revealed a strong anticorrelation between the amygdala and the ventral striatum/ventral pallidum, consistent with an opposing role for these regions in during emotion identification. A second functional connectivity analysis (psychophysiological interaction) investigating relative connectivity on THREAT vs. NON-THREAT trials demonstrated that the amygdala had increased connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex during THREAT trials, whereas the ventral striatum demonstrated increased connectivity with the posterior hippocampus on NON-THREAT trials. These results indicate that activity in the amygdala and ventral striatum may be inversely related, and that both regions may provide opposing affective bias signals during emotion identification. 相似文献
886.
Dee C. Ray Darrell M. Hull Andi J. Thacker Laura S. Pace Karrie L. Swan Sarah E. Carlson Jeffrey M. Sullivan 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2011,89(3):349-359
This study reviewed 4,457 articles from 1998 to 2007 in American Counseling Association division‐affiliated journals to identify research articles published in counseling; 1,139 articles (25.6%) were quantitatively research based. The authors provide details related to quantitative research publications, including individual journal contribution to the research base, focus areas for research, and independent and dependent variables highlighted by researchers. One summary finding was that only 6% of counseling research articles explored effectiveness of counseling interventions. 相似文献
887.
Jeffrey S. Ashby Wendy L. Dickinson Philip B. Gnilka Christina L. Noble 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2011,89(2):131-139
The authors examined the relationship of perfectionism, hope, and depression in a sample of 153 middle school students. Adaptive perfectionists differed significantly from both maladaptive perfectionists and nonperfectionists on their levels of hope and depression. Hope mediated the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and depression and supported an indirect effects model for hope and the relationship between adaptive perfectionism and depression. No evidence was found for hope as a moderator in the relationship between perfectionism and depression. 相似文献
888.
Elizabeth A. Cook Charlie A. Davidson Jeffrey R. Nolting William D. Spaulding 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(1):111-120
Ratings of ward behavior and skill acquisition are important criteria for monitoring an individual’s recovery trajectory during
inpatient psychiatric rehabilitation. This study compared data from the Nurses’ Observational Scale for Inpatient Evaluation
(NOSIE) and the Independent Living Skills Inventory (ILSI) to identify relationships between ward behaviors and independent
living skills and to support the convergent validity of these instruments. The criterion-related validity of the instruments
in their relationships with time in program (TIP) and number of previous hospitalizations (#HOSP) was also investigated. NOSIE
“positive” subscales were more strongly related to living skills than NOSIE “negative” subscales. The NOSIE and the ILSI predicted
TIP and postdicted #HOSP equally well. Implications for assessment and recommendations for future research are discussed. 相似文献
889.
890.
A second type of magnitude effect: Reinforcer magnitude differentiates delay discounting between substance users and controls
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Alexandra M. Mellis Alina E. Woodford Jeffrey S. Stein Warren K. Bickel 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2017,107(1):151-160
Basic research on delay discounting, examining preference for smaller–sooner or larger–later reinforcers, has demonstrated a variety of findings of considerable generality. One of these, the magnitude effect, is the observation that individuals tend to exhibit greater preference for the immediate with smaller magnitude reinforcers. Delay discounting has also proved to be a useful marker of addiction, as demonstrated by the highly replicated finding of greater discounting rates in substance users compared to controls. However, some research on delay discounting rates in substance users, particularly research examining discounting of small‐magnitude reinforcers, has not found significant differences compared to controls. Here, we hypothesize that the magnitude effect could produce ceiling effects at small magnitudes, thus obscuring differences in delay discounting between groups. We examined differences in discounting between high‐risk substance users and controls over a broad range of magnitudes of monetary amounts ($0.10, $1.00, $10.00, $100.00, and $1000.00) in 116 Amazon Mechanical Turk workers. We found no significant differences in discounting rates between users and controls at the smallest reinforcer magnitudes ($0.10 and $1.00) and further found that differences became more pronounced as magnitudes increased. These results provide an understanding of a second form of the magnitude effect: That is, differences in discounting between populations can become more evident as a function of reinforcer magnitude. 相似文献