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241.
Intimate partner abuse (or relationship abuse) against women is recognised as a major public health issue. A number of relationship abuse prevention programs targeted at youth have been developed in Australia. These programs are generally aimed at changing attitudes, and take the stance that girls should not be viewed as being responsible for protecting themselves against violence. In this paper it is argued that the current, dominant focus on physical violence, over other forms of relationship abuse, limits the potential effectiveness of programs that might otherwise help young people to resist the development of abusive dynamics. It is also argued that programs that presume a victim status for girls and a perpetrator status for boys are both inconsistent with contemporary evidence and unlikely to empower young people at risk of chronic perpetration and/or victimisation to avoid such outcomes. A dyadic slippery slope model of chronic relationship abuse is proposed and new directions for prevention research in this area are suggested. 相似文献
242.
Charles A. Scherbaum Jeffrey B. Vancouver 《Journal of applied social psychology》2010,40(9):2201-2231
Within the self‐regulation literature on goals, both discrepancy reduction and discrepancy production are considered important theoretical and practical processes. Yet, discrepancy production has only been examined in a limited number of goal‐striving contexts, and the analytical strategies employed (e.g., difference scores) are difficult to interpret. This study extends discrepancy production research to multiple goal contexts where the goals are in conflict. Computational modeling and an organizational simulation were used to test a control theory explanation of discrepancy production. The occurrence of discrepancy production in the computational model and participants was assessed using hierarchical linear modeling. Comparing the data from the computational model with participants' data indicated a good fit. Implications of the findings and methods are discussed. 相似文献
243.
Case conceptualization is a primary skill that may be the linchpin of clinical practice as it sets the framework for making
sense of a patient’s difficulties and guides a path toward change. Providing meaning and structure to often ambiguous and
nuanced clinical information, an apt case conceptualization facilitates the therapist’s complex integration of core therapeutic
skills to produce expert performance. Rooted in the cognitive sciences literature on expertise, we introduce the concept of
metabolizing theory to capture expert therapists’ capacity to use theoretical and clinical knowledge in an intuitive, flexible manner that responds
and adapts to the unique and complex context of the treatment. 相似文献
244.
This paper presents the results of the largest Australian pastoral study concerning the perceptions of health care chaplains
about their involvement on hospital research ethics committees (also known in some contexts as institutional ethics committees).
Survey results from over 300 Australian health care chaplains indicated that nearly 90% of chaplains believed there was merit
in chaplains serving on hospital research ethics committees, yet only a minority (22.7%) had ever participated on such committees.
Data from in-depth interviews is also presented exploring the reasons for the lack of participation and the varying opinions
regarding the role, appropriateness, and value of chaplains on ethics committees. Some implications of this study with respect
to chaplaincy, hospital research ethics committees, health care institutions, ecclesiastical institutions, and government
responsibilities are discussed. 相似文献
245.
This essay provides a brief history and overview of the psychological, especially psychoanalytic, study of religion at Rice
University. 相似文献
246.
A dominant theme in modeling human perceptual judgments is that sensory neural activity is summed or integrated until a critical bound is reached. Such models predict that, in general, the shape of response time distributions change across conditions, although in practice, this shape change may be subtle. An alternative view is that response time distributions are shape invariant across conditions or groups. Shape invariance is predicted by some race models in which the first of several parallel fibers to communicate the signal determines the response. We competitively assess a specific gradual growth model, the one-bound diffusion model, against a natural shape-invariant competitor: shape invariance in an inverse Gaussian distribution. Assessment of subtle shape change versus shape invariance of response time distributions is aided by a Bayesian approach that allows the pooling of information across multiple participants. We find, conditional on reasonable distributional assumptions, subtle shape changes in response time that are highly concordant with a simple diffusion gradual growth model and discordant with shape invariance. 相似文献
247.
Daniel Ellsberg presented in Ellsberg (The Quarterly Journal of Economics 75:643–669, 1961) various examples questioning the
thesis that decision making under uncertainty can be reduced to decision making under risk. These examples constitute one
of the main challenges to the received view on the foundations of decision theory offered by Leonard Savage in Savage (1972).
Craig Fox and Amos Tversky have, nevertheless, offered an indirect defense of Savage. They provided in Fox and Tversky (1995)
an explanation of Ellsberg’s two-color problem in terms of a psychological effect: ambiguity aversion. The ‘comparative ignorance’ hypothesis articulates how this effect works and explains why it is important to an understanding
of the typical pattern of responses associated with Ellsberg’s two-color problem. In the first part of this article we challenge
Fox and Tversky’s explanation. We present first an experiment that extends Ellsberg’s two-color problem where certain predictions
of the comparative ignorance hypothesis are not confirmed. In addition the hypothesis seems unable to explain how the subjects
resolve trade-offs between security and expected pay-off when vagueness is present. Ellsberg offered an explanation of the
typical behavior elicited by his examples in terms of these trade-offs and in section three we offer a model of Ellsberg’s
trade-offs. The model takes seriously the role of imprecise probabilities in explaining Ellsberg’s phenomenon. The so-called
three-color problem was also considered in Fox and Tversky (1995). We argue that Fox and Tversky’s analysis of this case breaks
a symmetry with their analysis of the two-color problem. We propose a unified treatment of both problems and we present a
experiment that confirms our hypothesis. 相似文献
248.
Expanding retrieval practice refers to the idea that gradually increasing the spacing interval between repeated tests ought to promote optimal long-term
retention. Belief in the superiority of this technique is widespread, but empirical support is scarce. In addition, virtually
all research on expanding retrieval has examined the learning of word pairs in paired-associate tasks. We report two experiments
in which we examined the learning of text materials with expanding and equally spaced retrieval practice schedules. Subjects
studied brief texts and recalled them in an initial learning phase. We manipulated the spacing of the repeated recall tests
and examined final recall 1 week later. Overall we found that (1) repeated testing enhanced retention more than did taking
a single test, (2) testing with feedback (restudying the passages) produced better retention than testing without feedback,
but most importantly (3) there were no differences between expanding and equally spaced schedules of retrieval practice. Repeated
retrieval enhanced long-term retention, but how the repeated tests were spaced did not matter. 相似文献
249.
Jeffrey W. Roland 《Philosophia》2010,38(1):179-193
C. S. Jenkins has recently proposed an account of arithmetical knowledge designed to be realist, empiricist, and apriorist:
realist in that what’s the case in arithmetic doesn’t rely on us being any particular way; empiricist in that arithmetic knowledge
crucially depends on the senses; and apriorist in that it accommodates the time-honored judgment that there is something special
about arithmetical knowledge, something we have historically labeled with ‘a priori’. I’m here concerned with the prospects
for extending Jenkins’s account beyond arithmetic—in particular, to set theory. After setting out the central elements of
Jenkins’s account and entertaining challenges to extending it to set theory, I conclude that a satisfactory such extension
is unlikely. 相似文献
250.
The purpose of the experiments reported in this paper was to examine the possible role of spontaneous imagery and list-specific cues on pictorial encoding effects induced by the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) task. After viewing pictures and words referring to thematically related materials, by way of a picture/word source-judgement task, participants were asked to remember the way in which these materials were presented. Participants reported “seeing” pictures of items that were presented as words, an effect predicted by the imaginal activation hypothesis in its suggestion that incidental images experienced during encoding will later be mistaken as memories for pictures. Whether participants made the same picture misattributions on related lures (or non-presented related items) depended on the way in which the lures’ respective thematic lists were experienced during encoding (Experiments 1 and 2), pointing to the effects of list-specific cues in picture/word judgements. These findings have intriguing implications for interpretations of picture-encoding effects induced by the DRM task. The findings also speak to the use of DRM false-memory rates when marshalling evidence against the use of imagery in applied settings. 相似文献