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81.
Reorientation in the real world: the development of landmark use and integration in a natural environment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
An influential series of studies have argued that young children are unable to use landmark information to reorient. However, these studies have used artificial experimental environments that may lead to an underestimation of the children’s ability. We tested whether young children could reorient using landmarks in an ecologically valid setting. Children aged between 3 and 7 years completed a reorientation task in open parkland, and the properties of the search array (size and distinctiveness) were manipulated in a within-subjects design. Responses were recorded using Global Positioning Systems technology. All age groups performed above chance level, demonstrating that young children can reorient using natural landmarks. This behaviour was modulated by the nature of the search array: children were more accurate when the locations were spaced in a large array, and when the search locations were distinctively coloured. This suggests that the integration between landmarks and search locations, at different spatial scales, is a key factor in characterising human reorientation in the real world. 相似文献
82.
Big Five and affective traits were measured at three assessments when participants were on average 18, 21, and 24 years old. Rank-order stability analyses revealed that stability correlations tended to be higher across the second compared to the first retest interval; however, affective traits consistently were less stable than the Big Five. Median stability coefficients for the Big Five increased from .62 (Time 1 vs. Time 2) to .70 (Time 2 to Time 3); parallel increases also were observed for measures of negative affectivity (median rs=.49 and .55, respectively) and positive affectivity (median rs=.48 and .57, respectively). Growth curve analyses revealed significant change on each of the Big Five and affective traits, although many of the scales also showed significant variability in individual trajectories. Thus, rank-order stability is increasing for a range of personality traits, although there also is significant variability in change trajectories during young adulthood. 相似文献
83.
Dolores Gallagher-Thompson Heather L. Gray Tamarra Dupart Daniel Jimenez Larry W. Thompson 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2008,26(4):286-303
This study enrolled 184 middle-aged and older women (95 Non-Hispanic White and 89 Hispanic/Latino) who provided in-home hands-on
care to an elderly relative with Alzheimer’s disease or another form of dementia. Within ethnic group they were randomly assigned
to either a CBT-based small group intervention program called “Coping with Caregiving” (CWC) that taught a variety of cognitive
and behavioral skills to reduce stress and depression, or to a minimal telephone based control condition (TSC). Intervention
lasted about 4 months; one post-treatment assessment was completed 6 months after baseline by interviewers blind to the intervention
condition. Interviews and interventions were conducted in English or Spanish by trained staff. Results indicated that those
in the CWC (regardless of ethnicity) showed greater improvement from pre to post intervention than those in the TSC on measures
of depressive symptoms, overall life stress, and caregiving-specific stress. In order to investigate if these changes may
have been related to one proposed mechanism of change in CBT (skill utilization), a new measure was constructed. Change in
frequency of use and perceived helpfulness of adaptive coping skills were assessed in all caregivers. Results indicated that
caregivers in CWC reported greater frequency of use, and greater perceived helpfulness, of these skills at post intervention
compared to caregivers in the TSC. Improvement measured by dependent measures was correlated with an increase in these indices
for those in the CWC. Tests for mediation suggest that effective skill utilization may mediate the effect of treatment on
outcome. Implications of these findings are discussed and recommendations provided for future research. 相似文献
84.
New Caledonian crows are the most proficient non-hominin tool manufacturers but the cognition behind their remarkable skills
remains largely unknown. Here we investigate if they attend to the functional properties of the tools that they routinely
use in the wild. Pandanus tools have natural barbs along one edge that enable them to function as hooking implements when
the barbs face backwards from the working tip. In experiment 1 we presented eight crows with either a non-functional (‘upside-down’)
or a functional pandanus tool in a baited hole. Four of the crows never flipped the tools. The behaviour of the four flipping
birds suggested that they had a strategy of flipping a tool when it was not working. Observations of two of the eight crows
picking up pandanus tools at feeding tables in the wild supported the lack of attention to barb direction. In experiment 2
we gave six of the eight crows a choice of either a barbed or a barbless pandanus tool. Five of the crows chose tools at random,
which further supported the findings in experiment 1 that the crows paid little or no attention to the barbs. In contrast,
a third experiment found that seven out of eight crows flipped non-functional stick tools significantly more than functional
ones. Our findings indicate that the crows do not consistently attend to the presence or orientation of barbs on pandanus
tools. Successful pandanus tool use in the wild seems to rely on behavioural strategies formed through associative learning,
including procedural knowledge about the sequence of operations required to make a successful pandanus tool.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
85.
This study examined the influence of depression on error-monitoring and behavioral compensation after errors, two important aspects of cognitive control. Undergraduates differing in self-reported depression levels completed a modified Stroop task while error-related scalp potentials were recorded. Behaviorally, participants with higher depression scores were disproportionately slower and less accurate after errors in a task condition that included negative emotional words. Physiological results indicated that the amplitudes of the error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe), two indices of error detection, were not correlated with depression score. ERN amplitudes predicted behavioral slowdown after errors, but only among more depressed participants in the negative-word condition. Together, the results imply that depression is associated not with an error detection deficit, but rather with alterations in subsequent performance changes, once errors have been identified. 相似文献
86.
Jody L. Newman Dale R. Fuqua Elizabeth A. Gray David B. Simpson 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2006,84(2):157-162
This study examined the relationship of anger dimensions with depression in a clinical sample. Results suggest that the differences between women and men in nonclinical samples typically used in this research may not generalize completely to clinical samples. Further evidence is presented to support the contention that the relationship between anger and depression is important for both men and women. 相似文献
87.
88.
Although overgeneral retrieval of autobiographical memories has been repeatedly demonstrated in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), no studies have indexed overgeneral retrieval before and after treatment of PTSD. Autobiographical memory was assessed in PTSD participants (n=20) prior to commencing cognitive behaviour therapy and 6 months after therapy completion. Fifteen participants completed both assessments. Improvement in PTSD symptoms was significantly associated with improved retrieval of specific memories and decreased retrieval of categoric memories in response to positive cues. These data suggest that symptom reduction during treatment of PTSD leads to greater access to specific memories of positive experiences. 相似文献
89.
90.