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261.
Talamini LM Nieuwenhuis IL Takashima A Jensen O 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2008,15(4):233-237
The last decade has brought forth convincing evidence for a role of sleep in non-declarative memory. A similar function of sleep in episodic memory is supported by various correlational studies, but direct evidence is limited. Here we show that cued recall of face-location associations is significantly higher following a 12-h retention interval containing sleep than following an equally long period of waking. Furthermore, retention is significantly higher over a 24-h sleep-wake interval than over an equally long wake-sleep interval. This difference occurs because retention during sleep was significantly better when sleep followed learning directly, rather than after a day of waking. These data demonstrate a beneficial effect of sleep on memory that cannot be explained solely as a consequence of reduced interference. Rather, our findings suggest a competitive consolidation process, in which the fate of a memory depends, at least in part, on its relative stability at sleep onset: Strong memories tend to be preserved, while weaker memories erode still further. An important aspect of memory consolidation may thus result from the removal of irrelevant memory "debris." 相似文献
262.
Previous studies have concluded that object-based attention does not always arise if attention is cued endogenously (Macquistan, 1997) or if the target location is known with certainty (Shomstein & Yantis, 2002). In the Experiments reported here, we found object-based attention even when the locations of the two targets were known with certainty due to presentation of an endogenous cue. However, object-based attention can be prevented by limiting the exposure time of the object stimuli. These findings provide additional evidence against a search prioritization account of object-based attention. They lead to a fuller view of the role of object boundaries in directing attention. Object-based attention is frequently used spontaneously, even when the object boundaries are irrelevant to the task. However, object segmentation is not necessary for all tasks, because attention can be allocated before the stimulus has been segregated into objects. 相似文献
263.
Jensen DA 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2008,29(1):27-41
Can one consistently deny the permissibility of abortion while endorsing the killing of human embryos for the sake of stem cell research? The question is not trivial; for even if one accepts that abortion is prima facie wrong in all cases, there are significant differences with many of the embryos used for stem cell research from those involved in abortion—most prominently, many have been abandoned in vitro, and appear to have no reasonably likely meaningful future. On these grounds one might think to maintain a strong position against abortion but endorse killing human embryos for the sake of stem cell research and its promising benefits. I will argue, however, that these differences are not decisive. Thus, one who accepts a strong view against abortion is committed to the moral impermissibility of killing human embryos for the sake of stem cell research. I do not argue for the moral standing of either abortion or the killing of embryos for stem cell research; I only argue for the relation between the two. Thus the conclusion is relevant to those with a strong view in favor of the permissibility of killing embryos for the sake of research as much as for those who may strongly oppose abortion; neither can consider their position in isolation from the other. 相似文献
264.
In this paper, we examine Shaun Gallagher’s project of “naturalizing” phenomenology with the cognitive sciences: front-loaded phenomenology (FLP). While we think it is a productive proposal, we argue that Gallagher does not employ genetic phenomenological methods in his execution of FLP. We show that without such methods, FLP’s attempt to locate neurological
correlates of conscious experience is not yet adequate. We demonstrate this by analyzing Gallagher’s critique of cognitive
neuropsychologist Christopher Frith’s functional explanation of schizophrenic symptoms. In “constraining” Gallagher’s FLP
program, we discuss what genetic phenomenological method is and why FLP ought to embrace it. We also indicate what types of
structures a genetically modified FLP will consider, and how such an approach would affect the manner in which potential neurological correlates of conscious
experience are conceptually understood and experimentally investigated.
相似文献
Kyle Powys WhyteEmail: |
265.
The child sample of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (n.d.) was analyzed to examine the relation of undesirable personality change in early childhood to neighborhood economic deprivation. Participants in the survey who had complete data at Time 1 (3-4 years of age) and Time 2 (5-6 years of age) and who remained in the same neighborhood during both time periods were included in the analyses. The results indicated that neighborhood economic disadvantage was associated with undesirable personality change even after controlling for family-level variables such as maternal education, family income, and cognitive and emotional support in the home environment for children. The association of personality change with neighborhood economic deprivation was not mediated by maternal depression, Head Start participation, cognitive and emotional support in the home, or maternal trust in the neighborhood. The authors discuss recommendations for future investigations. 相似文献
266.
Jim Blascovich Mark D Seery Carrie A Mugridge R.Kyle Norris Max Weisbuch 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2004,40(5):683-688
This study examined the relationship between pre-performance motivational states (challenge vs. threat) and subsequent performance in athletic competition. Prior to the season, college baseball and softball players imagined and gave a speech about a specific baseball/softball playing situation while cardiovascular indexes of challenge and threat were recorded. These physiological challenge/threat indexes significantly predicted athletic performance during the subsequent season, such that players who experienced challenge in the laboratory performed better relative to those who experienced threat. The implications for personnel selection and the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat are discussed. 相似文献
267.
268.
Denise S. Zirkle Marilyn A. Jensen Joan Collins‐Marotte Robert J. Murphy Cleborne Maddux 《Counseling and values》2002,46(2):108-117
The authors investigated dual relationships between 2 groups of staff (direct care and professional) and adolescent clients in 2 residential treatment programs. Staff were surveyed on their behavior and corresponding ethical beliefs regarding interactions they believed to be acceptable with minor clients specifically at termination of the treatment program. Direct care staff were more likely than were professional staff to have inconsistencies in behaviors and ethical beliefs. The American Counseling Association's (1995) Code of Ethics would prohibit some of the staff beliefs regarding acceptable behavior. Both groups were uncertain about the ethical appropriateness of certain interactions with adolescent clients. Implications are discussed. 相似文献
269.
Alex S. Cohen Kyle S. Minor Gina M. Najolia S. Lee Hong 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(1):204-212
Despite dramatic advances in the sophistication of tools for measuring prosodic and content channels of expression from natural
speech, methodological issues have limited the simultaneous measurement of those channels for laboratory research. This is
particularly unfortunate, considering the importance of emotional expression in daily living and how it can be disrupted in
many psychological disorders (e.g., schizophrenia). The present study examined the Computerized assessment of Affect from
Natural Speech (CANS), a laboratory-based procedure that was designed to measure both lexical and prosodic expression from
natural speech across a range of evocative conditions. The verbal responses of 38 male and 31 female subjects were digitally
recorded as they reacted to separate pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral stimuli. Lexical and prosodic expression variables
significantly changed across these conditions, providing support for using the CANS in further laboratory research. The implications
for understanding the interface between lexical and prosodic expressions are also discussed. 相似文献
270.
On the segmentation of Chinese words during reading 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Given that there are no spaces between words in Chinese, how words are segmented when reading is something of a mystery. Four Chinese characters, which either constituted one 4-character word or two 2-character words, were shown briefly to subjects. Subjects were quite accurate in reporting the 4-character word, but could usually only report the first 2-character word, demonstrating that word segmentation influences character recognition. The results suggest that even with these simple 4-character strings, there is an element of seriality in reading Chinese words: processing is initially focused at least to some extent on the first word. We also found that the processing of characters that are not consistent with the context is inhibited, suggesting inhibition from word representations to character representations. A simple model of Chinese word segmentation and word recognition is presented to account for the data. 相似文献