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181.
182.
In this paper, the constrained maximum likelihood estimation of a two-level covariance structure model with unbalanced designs is considered. The two-level model is reformulated as a single-level model by treating the group level latent random vectors as hypothetical missing-data. Then, the popular EM algorithm is extended to obtain the constrained maximum likelihood estimates. For general nonlinear constraints, the multiplier method is used at theM-step to find the constrained minimum of the conditional expectation. An accelerated EM gradient procedure is derived to handle linear constraints. The empirical performance of the proposed EM type algorithms is illustrated by some artifical and real examples.This research was supported by a Hong Kong UCG Earmarked Grant, CUHK 4026/97H. We are greatly indebted to D.E. Morisky and J.A. Stein for the use of their AIDS data in our example. We also thank the Editor, two anonymous reviewers, W.Y. Poon and H.T. Zhu for constructive suggestions and comments in improving the paper. The assistance of Michael K.H. Leung and Esther L.S. Tam is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
183.
Fiona Lee 《Journal of applied social psychology》1999,29(7):1472-1496
The verbal strategies used to frame requests for help are integral to the help-seeking process. Drawing on politeness theory, it was predicted that gender, power, and norms affect usage of verbal strategies in seeking help, and verbal strategies predict interpersonal outcomes. Two studies showed that: (a) individuals used more strategies under collectivistic than individualistic norms; (b) under individualistic norms, men used more strategies when seeking help upward, and women used more strategies when seeking help laterally; and (c) those who used more strategies provided higher quality information, and were perceived more favorably by others. These results suggest that verbal strategies not only reflect important relational and contextual factors, but also serve multiple social functions. 相似文献
184.
185.
Steve S. Lee 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2018,40(1):86-92
The seven articles featured in this Special Section on “Child Psychopathic Traits for Specifying Conduct Disorder” collectively prosecute an important tension in the field: despite evidence that psychopathic traits in children, adolescent, and adults are multidimensional, callous-unemotional (CU) traits have evolved to nearly eclipse the construct of youth psychopathic traits. That is, does inclusion of grandiosity and impulsivity, and related psychopathic constructs improve predictive models? Employing a rich array of methods, these studies converged to suggest that using the entire constellation of psychopathic traits significantly improved predictions of key criteria. Crucially, predictions were consistent across development, multiple external criteria, and diversely recruited samples (e.g., community, incarcerated). From a developmental psychopathology framework (Cicchetti 2008), I synthesize the theoretical and empirical implications of these studies and offer perspectives on future directions. In particular, there is an urgent need to elucidate mechanisms from psychopathic traits to important clinical, public health, and functional outcomes; identification of potential causal processes is necessary to establish the validity of psychopathic traits and to ultimately innovate intervention and prevention efforts. 相似文献
186.
Although structural priming has been considered to be an independent cognitive process, recent evidence suggests that structural priming is modulated by sociocognitive factors such as social perception; speakers are more likely to mimic the sentence structure of a socially desirable interlocutor than the structure of a less desirable interlocutor. This study aims to further address the role of sociocognitive factors in language use by investigating how individual differences in social perception and tendency to align with others (i.e., social monitoring) modulate same‐verb structural priming. In particular, we investigate how likely students are to repeat a sentence structure of a teacher depending on their perception of the teacher and their social monitoring tendency. Our results demonstrate that students’ tendency to imitate a sentence structure of the teacher is positively influenced by their perception of the teacher but negatively by social monitoring. We suggest that the effects may be accounted for in terms of their influence on attention and memory encoding. 相似文献
187.
Shirag K. Shemmassian Steve S. Lee 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2012,34(1):1-10
Although parents and teachers are valid informants in the assessment of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD), there is relatively little systematic research on how these ratings should be optimally combined. We compared four
methods of ADHD assessment to determine how well they identified impaired children: (1) parent only, (2) teacher only, (3)
parent or teacher (‘or rule’), and (4) parent and teacher (‘and rule’). We obtained parent and teacher ratings of ADHD from
the Disruptive Behavior Disorder Rating Scale on 232 5- to 10-year-old children (69% male; 47% Caucasian) with (n = 121) and without (n = 111) ADHD. We used receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) and seemingly unrelated regression analyses (SUR) to
evaluate how accurately each method identified categorically- and dimensionally-defined measures of functional impairment.
Parent ratings of ADHD optimally identified globally impaired children based on categorical and dimensional measures. However,
teacher ratings of ADHD most accurately identified children who were negatively regarded by peers using categorical, but not
dimensional, measures. No ADHD assessment method effectively identified children with academic difficulties. Although multiple
informants are valuable in the assessment of ADHD, no single method was consistently superior in identifying impaired children
across domains. We consider alternative assessment strategies in ADHD as well as other potential factors that may contribute
to modest agreement among informants. 相似文献
188.
Grande TL Hallman J Rutledge B Caldwell K Upton B Underwood LA Warren KM Rehfuss M 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2012,30(3):365-369
Varying risk factors for both incarceration and mental health diagnoses have been identified for female juveniles, highlighting the need for gender-specific assessments and treatment protocols. The purpose of this study is to determine how the prevalence rates of mental health symptoms differ in male and female juvenile offenders. It was hypothesized that the prevalence rates would be greater for females than males. This study found significant differences between males and females on several clinical scales. These findings are consistent with past studies that have identified differences in mental health symptoms between genders. 相似文献
189.
Avital E. Falk Steve S. Lee 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2012,34(2):172-181
There is evidence that negative parenting positively predicts oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD)
and that children’s callous-unemotional (CU) traits may moderate this association. However, it is largely unknown if CU traits
show similar interactive effects with positive parenting for ODD/CD. 208 ethnically diverse (56% Caucasian) 6–9 year-old children
with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were ascertained using multiple methods and informants for
ODD, CD, and CU traits. CU traits, corporal punishment, positive parenting, and each of their interactions with CU traits
were unrelated to parent- and teacher-rated ODD. Corporal punishment and CU traits were similarly unrelated to parent- and
teacher-rated CD. However, positive parenting inversely predicted parent-reported CD symptoms and it was significantly moderated
by CU traits. Positive parenting was negatively associated with CD at low to moderate levels of CU traits, but it was unrelated
to CD at high levels of CU traits. Children with elevated levels of CU traits exhibited significantly higher levels of CD
symptoms that were largely independent of positive parenting behavior. We discuss these findings within a developmental psychopathology
framework to provide further perspectives on reciprocal influences between parenting behavior and CU traits in the development
of ODD and CD. 相似文献
190.
Attention and social functioning and their interrelationships have not been routinely examined in children with early brain insult (EBI). This study aimed to describe attention and social functioning in children with two types of EBI: malformations of cortical development (MCD) and stroke. Children diagnosed with MCD (n = 14, 6 males) or stroke (n = 14, 8 males) aged 8 to 14 years (M = 12 years 11 months) completed neuropsychological assessments to examine attention processes. Primary caregivers completed a questionnaire to assess executive components of children's attention and teachers completed a questionnaire to measure children's social functioning. Brain scans (MRI or CT) were coded by a pediatric neuroradiologist. Higher rates of impairments in attention and social function were found in children with EBI compared with normative expectations. Children with MCD experienced more global and clinically significant levels of impairment than children with stroke; though impairments were present in both groups. A strong association between executive components of attention and social function was observed. In addition, complex attention processes were associated with social function. The findings emphasize the reciprocity between attention, behavior and social outcomes, and the vulnerability of social function following EBI. 相似文献