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161.
Patricia K. Kerig Kurt K. Stellwagen 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(3):343-352
This study obtained teacher ratings of impulsivity, callous-unemotional traits, narcissism, and Machiavellianism for a sample
of 252 middle school children, and investigated the extent to which these variables were related to reactive versus proactive
aggression and physical versus relational aggression. Results showed a main effect for gender, with boys rated highest on
all measures of psychopathy and aggression, with the exception of relational aggression. Results of hierarchical multiple
regressions showed that whereas impulsivity was associated with all types of aggression, CU traits, narcissism, and Machiavellianism
were differentially related to specific forms of childhood aggression. In addition, Machiavellianism mediated the relationship
between narcissism and relational aggression. Implications for fine-tuning interventions in ways that account for the motivators
underlying subtypes of childhood aggression are discussed. 相似文献
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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of video modeling to teach safety skills during earthquakes and postearthquake evacuation to children with autism. Three male children with autism, aged 9–10 years, participated in the study. The results indicate that video modeling was effective at promoting the acquisition of “drop, cover, and hold on” and evacuation skills for all three students. Furthermore, the skills generalized to a new setting for all three participants and maintained up to 4 weeks after video modeling for the two participants for whom maintenance was evaluated. Social-validity data were also collected from participants, their parents, and a teacher, and the findings were positive overall. Implications for instruction and future research are discussed based on the results of the study. 相似文献
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Many current theories of human problem solving and skill acquisition assume that people work only on the unsatisfied goal that was created most recently. That is, the architecture obeys a last-in-first-out (LIFO) constraint on the selection of goals. This restriction seems necessary for the proper functioning of automatic learning mechanisms, such as production compilation and chunking. It is argued that this restriction is violated by some subjects on some tasks. In particular, 8 subjects (from a sample of 26) execute subtraction procedures in a way that violates the LIFO constraint. Although there is a great deal of between- and within-subject strategy variation in the 8 subjects' behavior, it can be simply explained by hypothesizing that (1) the goal selection is not necessarily LIFO, (2) goal selection knowledge is represented by explicit preferences, and (3) the 8 subjects have just a few preferences that are overgeneralized, overspecialized, or missing. The rest of their preferences are correct. On the other hand, LIFO-based models seem unable to explain the strategy variations in any simple way. Thus, it seems that part of the flexibility in human problem solving comes from having a choice of which goal to work on next. Fortunately, it is simple to ammend automatic learning mechanisms so that they will function correctly in a non-LIFO architecture. 相似文献
166.
Kurt Lewin 《Erkenntnis》1930,1(1):421-466
Ohne Zusammenfassung
Nach einem Vortrag, gehalten am 4. Februar 1930 in der Gesellschaft für empirische Philosophie, Berlin. 相似文献
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Cooper ML Krull JL Agocha VB Flanagan ME Orcutt HK Grabe S Dermen KH Jackson M 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2008,117(3):485-501
Using data from a biracial community sample of adolescents, the present study examined trajectories of alcohol use and abuse over a 15-year period, from adolescence into young adulthood, as well as the extent to which these trajectories were differentially predicted by coping and enhancement motives for alcohol use among the 2 groups. Coping and enhancement motivations (M. L. Cooper, 1994) refer to the strategic use of alcohol to regulate negative and positive emotions, respectively. Results showed that Black and White youth follow distinct alcohol trajectories from adolescence into young adulthood and that these trajectories are differentially rooted in the regulation of negative and positive emotions. Among Black drinkers, coping motives assessed in adolescence more strongly forecast differences in alcohol involvement into their early 30s, whereas enhancement motives more strongly forecast differences among White drinkers. Results of the present study suggest that different models may be needed to account for drinking behavior among Blacks and Whites and that different approaches may prove maximally effective in reducing heavy or problem drinking among the 2 groups. 相似文献