Why, during a decision between new alternatives, do people bias their evaluations of information to support a tentatively preferred option? The authors test the following 3 decision process goals as the potential drivers of such distortion of information: (a) to reduce the effort of evaluating new information, (b) to increase the separation between alternatives, and (c) to achieve consistency between old and new units of information. Two methods, the nonconscious priming of each goal and assessing the ambient activation levels of multiple goals, reveal that the goal of consistency drives information distortion. Results suggest the potential value of combining these methods in studying the dynamics of multiple, simultaneously active goals. 相似文献
Over seven decades ago Gestalt psychologist Kurt Koffka described a remarkable effect: when a contiguous gray ring is placed on a background half of one shade of gray, half of another, the ring appears homogeneous. However, if the ring is slightly divided, the two halves of the ring appear different shades of gray, the half of the ring on the darker background appearing lighter than the half of the ring on the lighter background. The Gestalt principle of continuity is used to explain this effect. We show that when the ring is made thinner it appears heterogeneous even when contiguous. We also illustrate this in the additional material with a colored background with more than two regions. 相似文献
Physical activity is generally considered as most relevant for modulating heart rate (HR). The authors show here that HR is not only modulated by physical activity but even more by social contexts. HR modulation in three free-ranging, socially embedded, male greylag geese fitted with implanted radiotransmitters was investigated. Measured HR ranged from 40 beats per minute (bpm) during rest to a maximum over 400 bpm during takeoff. Almost the same maximum HRs (400 bpm) were reached during social interactions, which however, generally require less bodily action. Mean HR during social interactions (agonistic interactions, vocalizations) was significantly higher than during behaviors with a less obvious social context (e.g., resting, comfort or feeding behavior), but with comparable physical activity involved. The authors also found significant and consistent differences in HR between the three focal individuals, probably because of individual behavioral phenotype. Our results show that social context has a strong modulatory effect on the sympathico-adrenergic activity in a social bird and conclude that particularly the latter may pose considerable energetic costs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
Rather than embracing the notion that contextualism requires purely qualitative methodologies, Westerman and Yanchar argue that there is a place for quantification in post-positivist research. Both authors provide compelling arguments for this position. From our cognitive developmental perspective, we see this as a move toward a new level of integration in psychology. Whereas reactive shifts between positivist quantification and radical contextualism exemplify the kind of pendulum swing we see in individual development immediately before the emergence of a new developmental level, the moves suggested by Westerman and Yanchar are in the direction of a qualitative shift—a new level of differentiation and integration. We argue that the arguments put forward by Westerman and Yanchar do not quite achieve consolidation at this new level, because they remain embedded in a post-positivist contextualism that demands an a priori rejection of psychological universals and strong forms of quantification. In our view, consolidation at this new level requires a shift to a problem-focused methodological pluralism that assimilates a wide range of methodological approaches, critiques them, and adapts them in light of the problems researchers seek to solve. 相似文献
This short-term therapy model with experiential interventions is based on the basic assumptions of psychodynamic psychotherapy. The focus of treatment is the current psychosocial situation, in which dysfunctional emotional patterns are elicited by specific triggers. These emotional patterns are evidence of anconscious intrapsychic conflict, which has biographically relevant precursors. This conflict and the associated dysfunctional relationships are explored in a supportive therapeutic relationship, formulated in cooperation with the patient and then made accessible in an experience-activating process in the present. The effect is, in addition to the reduction of clinical symptoms, the improvement in managing relationships and improved social competence. The transference is noticed, but it is only addressed if it has a lasting compromising effect on the therapeutic relationship. This therapy model is especially suitable for psychotherapy with time limits of 25–40 hours. 相似文献
I give a semantics for a logic with two pairs of doxastic modals and an indicative conditional connective that all nest without restriction. Sentences are evaluated as accepted, rejected, or neither. Certainty is the necessity-like modality of acceptance. Inferences may proceed from premises that are certain, or merely accepted, or a mix of both. This semantic setup yields some striking results. Notably, the existence of inferences that preserve certainty but not acceptance very directly implies both failure of modus ponens for the indicative conditional in the logic of acceptance and failure of the deduction theorem for the material conditional in the logic of certainty. The latter failure dissolves, in the logic of certainty, the much - discussed tension between modus ponens and the law of import-export.
The psychometric properties of the Parenting Scale (PS), a measure employed to identify use of dysfunctional strategies for
managing child misbehavior, were examined. Parents of 75 children ages 2 to 12 (45 in the clinic-referred and 30 in the community sample group) completed the PS and a measure of child misbehavior. Mean scores were significantly higher for parents in the clinic-referred group on the PS Total, Laxness, and Overreactivity scales. However, there were no between-group differences in the number of parents who scored at or above a cutoff score designed
to identify “clinical significance” on any PS scale. Reported parenting strategies were associated with reported child misbehavior
regardless of group status; associations were not stronger depending on referral status. Results support the ability of the
PS to discriminate between referred and community sample families. However, the PS scales were not precise in identifying
clinically significant variations in parenting practices.
Portions of this work were presented at the 2004 convention for the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New
Orleans, LA. 相似文献
In the present study, potential MMPI-2 predictors of psychotherapy outcome were examined in a community clinical sample of
51 patients seeking treatment at a university training clinic. Results indicated that particular MMPI-2 scales (L, F, Pd,
Pa, Sc, Trt) were the most predictive of initial levels of patient distress, whereas three other clinical scales (Hs, D, Hy)
were significantly associated with actual symptom reduction over time. The clinical implications of these data include the
use of the MMPI-2 in clinical practice as a means to frame the provision of direct feedback to patients regarding the likelihood
of treatment response, which in turn, might actually have therapeutic benefits. The limitations of the study are reviewed
and suggestions for future research are offered, including the potential use of widely known and utilized instruments in helping
to predict response to psychotherapy. 相似文献