Social categorization and the perception of facial affect: target race moderates the response latency advantage for happy faces

Two experiments competitively test 3 potential mechanisms (negativity inhibiting responses, feature-based accounts, and evaluative context) for the response latency advantage for recognizing happy expressions by investigating how the race of a target can moderate the strength of the effect. Both experiments indicate that target race modulates the happy face advantage, such that European American participants displayed the happy face advantage for White target faces, but displayed a response latency advantage for angry (Experiments 1 and 2) and sad (Experiment 2) Black target faces. This pattern of findings is consistent with an evaluative context mechanism and inconsistent with negativity inhibition and feature-based accounts of the happy face advantage. Thus, the race of a target face provides an evaluative context in which facial expressions are categorized.     

SELF-IMAGE,INFORMATION EXCHANGE AND SOCIAL CHARACTER1

On interroge des individus sur l'image qu'ils se font d'eux-mêmes, l'image qu'ils désireraient donner d'eux-mêmes dans deux situations sociales distinctes (réunion amicale — entretien professionnel) et les traits d'autrui sur lesquels ils chercheraient, dans ces mêmes situations, à s'informer. Les AA. ont choisi des sujets qui sont représentatifs des types psycho-sociologiques de Riesman : étudiants de l'Inde méridionale (orientation traditionnelle); étudiants américains d'un collège exclusivement noir (orientation vers soi); étudiants américains d'un collège exclusivement blanc (orientation vers autrui). Pour se décrire eux-mêmes, les sujets indiens ont mis l'accent sur les origines démographiques, les noirs américains sur les traits de personnalité et les américains blancs sur les attitudes et opinions, ce qui est conforme aux hypothèses tirées du caractère dominant qu'ils représentent. On constate également que les Indiens changent de critères selon le type de situation évoquée, tandis que les Américains blancs changent très peu, les noirs américains se situant entre les deux.     

Zur Logik der Sollsaetze

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Examining Sex Differences in Altering Attitudes About Rape: A Test of the Elaboration Likelihood Model

This intervention sought to improve first-year college students' attitudes about rape. The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) was used to examine men and women's attitude change processes. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used to examine how men and women construed rape prevention messages. Results indicated numerous sex differences in the ways in which men and women experienced and changed during and after the rape prevention intervention. Women seemed to use more central-route attitude change processes and showed more lasting change from the intervention at 2-month follow-up, whereas men seemed to attend more to peripheral cues of the speaker and demonstrated more transient attitude change.     

THE NATURALNESS OF CREATION AND REDEMPTIVE INTERESTS IN THEOLOGY,SCIENCE, AND TECHNOLOGY

Abstract. This paper advances ways in which the understandings of “nature” and “creation” can be seen to overlap through specialized relations between humans and their environment. The hope of redemption of nature, united with evidences of grace in the advancements of science, can become helpful guides toward a theological interpretation of technology and the emerging character of human relations with nature.     

Erotic preference in pedophilia

Penis volume changes in response to pictures of males and females of varying ages served as the basis for determining the order of erotic preferences in groups of homo- and heterosexual pedophiliacs, normals, androphiliacs and ephebophiliacs. The order of age ranking, in the non-preferred sex, was considered in an attempt to test three hypotheses regarding the character of erotic appetence in pedophilia. In homosexual pedophiliacs, the child of the non-preferred sex was preferred, in contrast to the findings with androphiliacs where female children occupied the last place. A similar trend was only suggested in the comparison of heterosexual pedophiliacs with normals.

In each S group, with the exception of normals, the age group in the non-preferred sex attaining the highest rank corresponded to the age group of the most preferred object. Possible causes of differences between homo- and heterosexual groups regarding erotic preference for the non-preferred sex were discussed. Results argue against the validity of any hypothesis which attempts to explain pedophilia solely on the basis of preference for, or aversion to, particular sex-specific signs. The desirability of exploring further the role of sexually neutral signs is indicated.     

Magic Johnson and Reactions to People With AIDS: A Natural Experiment1

On November 7, 1991, Earvin (“Magic”) Johnson, Jr., announced that he was HIV positive. At the time of this announcement, the authors had just finished collecting data on subjects’ willingness to help a person with the AIDS virus (PWA). These preannouncement data were compared to data collected 1 week, 2/12 months, and months after the announcement. It was predicted that in the week immediately after the disclosure, helping of the PWA would increase significantly, but, over time, helping would return to the preannouncement level. This hypothesis was confirmed; in the week following the announcement, the percentage of men who offered help and the amount of help offered by men and women increased significantly. Four and one-half months after the announcement, helping was back to preannouncement levels. No consistent pattern of changes in affective reactions to the PWA were found. The results were discussed within the context of Kelman's (1958) theory of the different processes of attitude and behavior change and Petty and Cacioppo's (1986) elaboration likelihood model of persuasion.