Bayesian analysis of order-statistics models for ranking data

In this paper, a class of probability models for ranking data, the order-statistics models, is investigated. We extend the usual normal order-statistics model into one where the underlying random variables follow a multivariate normal distribution. Bayesian approach and the Gibbs sampling technique are used for parameter estimation. In addition, methods to assess the adequacy of model fit are introduced. Robustness of the model is studied by considering a multivariate-t distribution. The proposed method is applied to analyze the presidential election data of the American Psychological Association (APA).The author is grateful to K. Lam, K.F. Lam, the Editor, an associate editor, and three reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. This research was substantially supported by the CRCG grant 335/017/0015 of the University of Hong Kong and a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Project No. HKU 7169/98H). Upon completion of this paper, I became aware that similar work had been done independently by K.G. Yao and U. Böckenholt (1999).     

风水问题资料(二)

十三、晁公武论风水术的荒谬——唐顺之《稗编》(选载)按:晁公武是南宋著名学者。他根据郭璞曾经为母亲选择葬地,断定《葬书》就是郭璞所作,理由不足。但他对郭璞命运的评论,却简要而深刻,值得那些迷信风水者深思。今译:     

死亡凸显对自我姓名注意瞬脱对抗效应的影响

已有研究表明死亡凸显会抑制自我面孔和自我参照记忆加工的自我优势,可是死亡凸显对自我姓名的影响尚不明确,本研究采用事件相关电位技术,探索死亡凸显对自我姓名注意瞬脱对抗效应及其大脑神经活动的影响。58名被试在经历不同的启动任务后,完成自我姓名、朋友姓名和名人姓名的注意瞬脱任务。行为结果发现自我姓名识别正确率显著高于朋友姓名和名人姓名,表现出稳定的自我姓名加工的注意瞬脱对抗效应;电生理数据发现死亡启动后自我姓名诱发的P300波幅显著低于消极启动组和中性启动组,而朋友姓名和名人姓名并不受启动的影响。本研究结果与以往研究结果共同表明死亡想法凸显会使个体将抑制自我加工（自我姓名、自我面孔和自我参照记忆）作为应对远端死亡焦虑的一种手段。     

老年人的元刻板印象及其对社会互动的影响

本研究考察了老年人的元刻板印象及其对老年人社会互动的影响。预研究以35名老年人为被试,通过访谈和开放式问卷,获得老年人积极与消极元刻板印象形容词。正式研究以140名老年人为被试,通过问卷调查,首先确定老年人元刻板印象的内容与结构;然后分析发现,当老年人作为社会互动的接受方时：（1）积极元刻板印象正向预测其接受外群体帮助的意愿（包括自主定向帮助和依赖定向帮助）,并且接受帮助可引发积极受助体验;（2）消极元刻板印象只正向预测老年人接受外群体自主定向帮助的意愿,且持消极元刻板印象的老年人受助体验消极。当老年人作为社会互动的发出方时;（3）积极元刻板印象正向预测老年人社会参与的频率和他们对外群体的施助意愿;（4）消极元刻板印象对施助意愿和社会参与的预测作用均不显著。综上,老年人的积极元刻板印象能促进他们的社会互动,并使他们获得良好的互动体验。     

新冠肺炎疫情期间大学生价值观特征及变化趋势探究

社会价值观对于社会群体具有重要的导向和动力作用,而社会重大事件的发生会对社会价值观的走向产生影响。研究采用价值观类型量表,对908名大学生进行调查,其中包含144名湖北省大学生,探究新冠肺炎疫情期间大学生价值观的分布特征,对比湖北省和其他地区,以及与SARS时期的异同,并预测其在疫情后期的变化趋势。结果显示:(1)在大学生的总体样本中,实用型、社会型和科学型价值观依次占据重要地位;(2)湖北省大学生中社会型价值观占据主导地位,其他地区大学生中实用型价值观占据主导地位,两个样本的整体分布特征不存在显著差异;(3)两次疫情中,社会型和实用型价值观均占据主导地位,科学型价值观的地位显著提升。     

The irreducibility of collective obligations

Individualists claim that collective obligations are reducible to the individual obligations of the collective’s members. Collectivists deny this. We set out to discover who is right by way of a deontic logic of collective action that models collective actions, abilities, obligations, and their interrelations. On the basis of our formal analysis, we argue that when assessing the obligations of an individual agent, we need to distinguish individual obligations from member obligations. If a collective has a collective obligation to bring about a particular state of affairs, then it might be that no individual in the collective has an individual obligation to bring about that state of affairs. What follows from a collective obligation is that each member of the collective has a member obligation to help ensure that the collective fulfills its collective obligation. In conclusion, we argue that our formal analysis supports collectivism.

     

Correction to: The irreducibility of collective obligations

Philosophical Studies - The article The irreducibility of collective obligations, written by Allard Tamminga and Frank Hindriks, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s...     

论美部会开辟中国传教站的背景与动因

1830年,美部会开辟了美国基督新教在中国的第一个传教站。作为美国首个派遣传教士来华的海外传教机构,美部会是中美早期文化交流的主要推动者。这一组织的旨趣根植于美国深厚的社会文化土壤之中:它是美国本土对印第安人传教活动的延续和发展,同时又受到了以爱德华兹、霍普金斯等宗教神学家为代表的新神学派的影响。在教会长期准备工作的基础上,经营广州同孚行的美国商人奥利芬的呼吁成为美部会派遣对华传教士的直接诱因,裨治文来华则正式拉开了美部会在华传教活动的序幕。     

“君子喻于义，小人喻于利”别解

《论语》"君子喻于义,小人喻于利"一语,历来有两种解法:一种以"德"分君子、小人,宋儒多如此解;另一种以"位"分君子、小人,秦汉儒者多如此解。以"德"分君子、小人,则"君子喻于义,小人喻于利"一语宣说的是一条道德原则;以"位"分,则可视为一条政治原则。作为道德原则来讲,以义利之辨分君子、小人,可视为一种修己之学,然修己本身不足以平天下。作为政治原则来讲,"君子喻于义,小人喻于利"一语有两层内涵:一是有"位"之"君子"不当与民争利;二是有"位"之"君子"当以"义"化民,此不仅合孔孟先富后教之义,且孔子"为政以德"的思想亦得以充分体现。就此而言,以"位"分君子、小人,似更合乎"君子喻于义,小人喻于利"一语的本旨。