大学生认知灵活性问卷的修订及初步使用

修订Martin等人编制的认知灵活性问卷并对我国大学生的认知灵活性进行测量。首先对366名大学生预测;然后对300名大学生正式测试;并对240名大学生进行效标效度研究;另外对785名大学生初步使用该问卷。结果表明：（1）中文修订版大学生认知灵活性问卷的项目区分度、Cronbachα系数、重测信度、结构效度和效标效度等心理测量学指标良好,可作为我国大学生认知灵活性的研究工具。（2）有社会实践经验大学生的认知灵活性显著高于无社会实践经验大学生;文科女生的认知灵活性显著高于理科女生。     

Twinning behaviour of TWIP steel studied by Taylor factor analysis

The twinning behaviour of Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel has been studied by analysing the grain orientation and the Taylor factor, based on microstructural and electron backscatter diffraction device observations. It is demonstrated that the Taylor factor can give an important guideline for determining the deformation mode of TWIP steel. The higher the Taylor factor, the easier the formation of twins and thus a tendency for the deformation mode to be mechanical twinning, while a low Taylor factor corresponds to a slip deformation mode. When the loading temperature is relatively low, the high Taylor factor regions increase and thus deformation twinning becomes easier while slip becomes more difficult, leading to increased tensile stress and decreased elongation.     

线索提示对表征动量的影响

研究结合线索提示和表征动量范式,实验1、2均采用2有无线索(有线索,无线索)×4诱导期间时距(1250ms,1750ms,2250ms,2750ms)混合实验设计,探讨线索呈现的加工阶段和时距对表征动量的影响。实验1恒定保持间隔时距,在不同时距的诱导期间呈现线索,发现线索主效应不显著,但表征动量呈减小趋势;时距主效应不显著。实验2变化诱导时距,在恒定的保持间隔呈现线索,发生向后偏移现象,线索主效应显著;时距主效应不显著。研究结果表明,随着注意的增加,表征动量效应减小;注意时距不显著影响表征动量,而注意阶段显著影响表征动量。研究结果为表征动量的双加工理论提供了实证支持。     

Consistent left gaze bias in processing different facial cues

While viewing faces, humans often demonstrate a natural gaze bias towards the left visual field, that is, the right side of the viewee’s face is often inspected first and for longer periods. Previous studies have suggested that this gaze asymmetry is a part of the gaze pattern associated with face exploration, but its relation with perceptual processing of facial cues is unclear. In this study we recorded participants’ saccadic eye movements while exploring face images under different task instructions (free viewing, judging familiarity and judging facial expression). We observed a consistent left gaze bias in face viewing irrespective of task demands. The probability of the first fixation and the proportion of overall fixations directed at the left hemiface were indistinguishable across different task instructions or across different facial expressions. It seems that the left gaze bias is an automatic reflection of hemispheric lateralisation in face processing, and is not necessarily correlated with the perceptual processing of a specific type of facial information.     

荀子“正名”伦理思想的元语言学分析

荀子的"正名"理论蕴涵着深刻的语言学和伦理学思想,二者密不可分。从元语言学入手分析,会发现荀子的对象域建立于认识论和人性论的形上基础,而元语言和对象语言依据着形下的方法论原则。但归根结底,是形上的依据影响了形下的依据。异于西方分析伦理学家,荀子对形上依据存而不论,并不试图用形下的语言理论去解释形上问题。根据这两条泾渭分明的依据,荀子建立起了以元语言分析为基础的伦理体系。     

术后镇痛的实践思维

从外科医师和麻醉科医师传统临床思维方法特点分析,认为传统术后镇痛具有明显的片面性、专一性等临床诊疗的局限性。而从实践思维和循证医学理论角度分析,认为术后镇痛在围手术期“人性化”诊疗、防治全身炎症反应综合征或围手术期癌转移等方面具有的重要性与广阔前景。     

Necessary versus sufficient causal schemata for success and failure

197 subjects judged the perceived presence or absence of ability or effort, given information about task outcome (success or failure), the difficulty of the task (easy, intermediate, or difficult), and the state of the complementary cause (effort or ability). The data revealed that a multiple sufficient causal schema is used to explain common events. That is, the presence of ability or effort is perceived as enough to produce success at an easy task, while the absence of ability or effort is perceived as sufficient to result in failure at a difficult task. On the other hand, a multiple necessary schema tends to be employed to explain uncommon events. Success at a difficult task is believed to require both ability and effort, while failure at an easy task tends to be perceived as caused by low ability and low effort. In addition, there were disparities in the causal judgments for success and failure: failure outcomes are more likely to elicit a multiple sufficient schema. Further, in achievement-related contexts ability and effort are perceived as negatively covarying causal determinants of typical successes and failures. In addition to supporting hypotheses from attribution theory, the data shed further light upon the perceived determinants of success and failure, and demonstrate the influence of cognitive structures on achievement-related causal judgments.     

软件开发组织的沟通与协调

在对软件开发中人员与组织问题进行回顾的基础上,该文首先就软件开发组织沟通与协调的重要性进行分析,然后对软件开发组织中的沟通与团队结构、沟通与项目成员、沟通频次分布、沟通方式等问题,以及整体协调、外部协调、内部协调等问题进行阐述。最后就今后软件开发组织沟通与协调问题可拓展的研究方向进行了讨论。     

熵增原理对构建心理和谐的理论探讨

创建社会主义和谐社会是我国目前一项重大战略决策,而构建社会成员的心理和谐是实现其目标的基本要求和重要基础。系统阐述了熵概念、熵增原理及耗散结构理论,分析了心理系统作为一种耗散结构所应具备的必要条件;通过对心理系统进行熵分析,初步探讨了构建心理和谐的方法与途径,并在森田疗法的实际案例中进行剖析,为研究和谐心理提供了新的理论视角。     

The Relationship of Physiological Arousal with Demand and Withdraw Behavior: Examining the Accuracy of the Escape-Conditioning Hypothesis

The escape-conditioning model suggests that husbands experience greater physiological arousal during marital conflict than their wives. This greater arousal is hypothesized to lead to withdrawal from conflict in order to lessen the arousal. The present results, based on a U.S. sample of 64 heterosexual couples, found no support for this model. During problem-solving discussions, husbands did not exhibit greater skin conductance and did not report greater arousal than their wives. Furthermore, skin conductance was negatively linked to withdraw behavior. These results, while not consistent with the escape-conditioning model, are in line with recent studies that have explicitly examined gender differences in other types of physiological arousal during marital conflict.