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We review studies demonstrating the ability of some animals to understand the human pointing gesture. We present a 3-step
analysis of the topic. (1) We compare and evaluate current experimental methods (2) We compare available experimental results
on performance of different species and investigate the interaction of species differences and other independent variables
(3) We evaluate how our present understanding of pointing comprehension answers questions about function, evolution and mechanisms.
Recently, a number of different hypotheses have been put forward to account for the presence of this ability in some species
and for the lack of such comprehension in others. In our view, there is no convincing evidence for the assumption that the
competitive lifestyles of apes would inhibit the utilization of this human gesture. Similarly, domestication as a special
evolutionary factor in the case of some species falls short in explaining high levels of pointing comprehension in some non-domestic
species. We also disagree with the simplistic view of describing the phenomenon as a simple form of conditioning. We suggest
that a more systematic comparative research is needed to understand the emerging communicative representational abilities
in animals that provide the background for comprehending the human pointing gesture. 相似文献
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Genetic Evaluation and Counseling of Couples with Recurrent Miscarriage: Recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Laurino MY Bennett RL Saraiya DS Baumeister L Doyle DL Leppig K Pettersen B Resta R Shields L Uhrich S Varga EA Raskind WH 《Journal of genetic counseling》2005,14(3):165-181
The objective of this document is to provide recommendations for genetic evaluation and counseling of couples with recurrent miscarriage (RM). The recommendations are the opinions of the multidisciplinary Inherited Pregnancy Loss Working Group (IPLWG), with expertise in genetic counseling, medical genetics, maternal fetal medicine, internal medicine, infectious disease, cytogenetics, and coagulation disorders. The IPLWG defines RM as three or more clinically recognized consecutive or non-consecutive pregnancy losses occurring prior to fetal viability (<24 weeks gestation). These recommendations are provided to assist genetic counselors and other health care providers in clinical decision-making, as well as to promote consistency of patient care, guide the allocation of medical resources, and increase awareness of the psychosocial and cultural issues experienced by couples with RM. The IPLWG was convened with support from the March of Dimes Western Washington State Chapter and the University of Washington Division of Medical Genetics. The recommendations are U.S. Preventive Task Force Class III, and are based on clinical experiences, review of pertinent English-language published articles, and reports of expert committees. This document reviews the suspected causes of RM, provides indications for genetic evaluation and testing, addresses psychosocial and cultural considerations, and provides professional and patient resources. These recommendations should not be construed as dictating an exclusive course of medical management, nor does the use of such recommendations guarantee a particular outcome. The professional judgment of a health care provider, familiar with the circumstances of a specific case, should always supersede these recommendations. 相似文献
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Proponents of manipulation arguments against compatibilism hold that manipulation scope (how many agents are manipulated) and manipulation type (whether the manipulator intends that an agent perform a particular action) do not impact judgments about free will and moral responsibility. Many opponents of manipulation arguments agree that manipulation scope has no impact but hold that manipulation type does. Recent work by Latham and Tierney (2022, 2023) found that people's judgments were sensitive to manipulation scope: people judged that an agent was less free and responsible when a manipulation was existential (impacting at least one but not all agents) than when the manipulation was universal (impacting every agent). This study examines people's judgements about existential and universal manipulation cases that involve both intentional and non-intentional outcomes. We found that manipulation scope also affects people's free will and responsibility judgments in manipulation cases involving both intentional and non-intentional outcomes. Interestingly, we also found that manipulation type influences the effect that manipulation scope has on people's free will judgments but not their moral responsibility judgments, which indicates that people's free will and responsibility judgments can come apart. This puts pressure on the prevalent assumption that judgments about free will and moral responsibility are conceptually bound together. 相似文献
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Paige Fischer Krisztina V. Jakobsen 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2022,40(2):254-270
Social exclusion threatens a person's need to belong and prompts them to behave in ways that often facilitate reaffiliation. For adults, direct exclusion increases attention to social information and facial cues, including an enhanced identification of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles. Furthermore, inclusion can buffer or mitigate the effects of exclusion. This study investigated children's (N = 44) and adults’ (N = 52) sensitivity to perceptual changes in smiles following witnessed inclusion and exclusion and inclusion's mitigating and buffering effects on perceptual abilities. Contrary to our predictions, participants in our study demonstrated improved accuracy after witnessing inclusion, rather than exclusion, and showed no buffering or mitigating effects of inclusion. This contradiction with previous findings points to a further need to explore the effects of witnessed versus direct inclusion and exclusion, especially if witnessed inclusion and exclusion have the ability to impact perception and shape our behavior. 相似文献
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Bauer PJ King JE Larkina M Varga NL White EA 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2012,111(4):681-694
Children build up knowledge about the world and also remember individual episodes. How individual episodes during which children learn new things become integrated with one another to form general knowledge is only beginning to be explored. Integration between separate episodes is called on in educational contexts and in everyday life as a major means of extending knowledge and organizing information. Bauer and San Souci (2010) provided an initial demonstration that 6-year-olds extend their knowledge by integrating between separate but related episodes; the episodes shared a high level of surface similarity. Experiments 1A and 1B of the current research were tests of integration under low and high levels of surface similarity, respectively. In Experiment 1A, when surface similarity of the episodes was low, 6-year-olds integrated between passages of text, yet their performance was not as robust as observed previously. In Experiment 1B, when surface similarity of the episodes was high, a replication of Bauer and San Souci's results was observed. In Experiment 2, we tested whether a "hint" to consult the information learned in the passages improved performance even when surface level similarity was low. The hint had a strong facilitating effect. Possible mechanisms of integration between separate yet related episodes are discussed. 相似文献
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Ida Skytte Jakobsen L. John Horwood David M. Fergusson 《Journal of child and family studies》2012,21(2):303-310
Previous research has shown that children with high levels of early anxiety/withdrawal are at increased risk of later anxiety
and depression. It has also been found that positive parent–child attachment reduces the risk of these disorders. The aim
of this paper was to examine the extent to which positive parent–child attachment acted to mitigate the risk of later internalising
disorders amongst children with high levels of early anxiety/withdrawal using data from a 30 years longitudinal study of a
New Zealand birth cohort. The findings of this study showed that: (a) increasing rates of early anxiety/withdrawal were associated
with an increased risk of later anxiety and depression; (b) positive parent–child attachment in adolescence was associated
with a decline in the risk of later anxiety and depression; and (c) these associations persisted even after controlling for
confounding factors. The implications of these findings for the role of parent–child attachment in mitigating the adverse
effects of early anxiety/withdrawal are discussed. It is concluded that positive parent–child attachment in adolescence may
act as a compensatory factor which buffers the adverse effects of childhood anxiety/withdrawal on risks of developing later
anxiety and depression. 相似文献
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