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31.
Emotional and arousing treatments given shortly after learning enhance delayed memory retrieval in animal and human studies. Positive affect and reward induced prior to a variety of cognitive tasks enhance performance, but their ability to affect memory consolidation has not been investigated before. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a small, non-contingent, intrinsic or extrinsic reward on delayed memory retrieval. Participants (n=108) studied and recalled a list of 30 affectively neutral, imageable nouns. Experimental groups were then given either an intrinsic reward (e.g., praise) or an extrinsic reward (e.g., US 1 dollar). After a one-week delay, participants' retrieval performance for the word list was significantly better in the extrinsic reward groups, whether the reward was expected or not, than in controls. Those who received the intrinsic reward performed somewhat better than controls, but the difference was not significant. Thus, at least some forms of arousal and reward, even when semantically unrelated to the learned material, can effectively modulate memory consolidation. These types of treatments might be useful for the development of new memory intervention strategies. 相似文献
32.
In this paper, one of the most common disorders of childhood and adolescence, social anxiety disorder (SAD), is examined to
illustrate the complex and delicate interplay between parent and child factors that can result in normal development gone
awry. Our parent–child model of SAD posits a host of variables that converge to occasion the onset and maintenance of this
disorder. Specifically, five risk factors—temperamental characteristics of the child, parental anxiety, attachment processes
in the parent–child dyad, information processing biases, and parenting practices—will be highlighted. While it is acknowledged
that other factors including genetic influences and peer relationships may also be important, they are simply not the focus
of this paper. Within these constraints, the implications of our parent–child interaction model for prevention, treatment,
research, and practice will be explored. 相似文献
33.
What-where-when (WWW) memory during cache recovery was investigated in six Clark’s nutcrackers. During caching, both red-
and blue-colored pine seeds were cached by the birds in holes filled with sand. Either a short (3 day) retention interval
(RI) or a long (9 day) RI was followed by a recovery session during which caches were replaced with either a single seed or
wooden bead depending upon the color of the cache and length of the retention interval. Knowledge of what was in the cache
(seed or bead), where it was located, and when the cache had been made (3 or 9 days ago) were the three WWW memory components
under investigation. Birds recovered items (bead or seed) at above chance levels, demonstrating accurate spatial memory. They
also recovered seeds more than beads after the long RI, but not after the short RI, when they recovered seeds and beads equally
often. The differential recovery after the long RI demonstrates that nutcrackers may have the capacity for WWW memory during
this task, but it is not clear why it was influenced by RI duration. 相似文献
34.
Kristy L. Soloski Thomas W. Pavkov Kathryn A. Sweeney Joseph L. Wetchler 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2013,35(4):773-792
Love became an integral part of marriage in Western culture in the mid-1900s. Marriage began to change along with the inclusion of love, which is evidenced by changes in divorce rates. While marriages themselves change, love too may be influenced in a reciprocal process. This study was interested in identifying the association between parental relationship factors, including marital status and interparental conflict, and both the experience of and expectations for love. The sample was collected using online convenience sampling, and included (N = 207) heterosexually married participants. Hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted to determine the unique contribution of the parent marital factors on love. Higher levels of interparental conflict were associated with lower levels of love and expectations for love, while having parents who were separated was associated with higher relationship expectations. These findings can support case conceptualizations for clinical work with couples and the use of Narrative and Transgenerational therapies. 相似文献
35.
Kirsten A. Dalrymple Alan Kingstone 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2010,101(2):213-216
We discuss Humphreys' article in the context of two challenges that exist in regards to future research on the link between action and attention: (1) determining the cognitive and neural mechanisms responsible for an action‐attention link and (2) demonstrating that the action‐attention links observed in the laboratory reflect the same links between action and attention observed in the complexities of everyday life. 相似文献
36.
Huy Le Frank L. Schmidt James K. Harter Kristy J. Lauver 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2010
Construct empirical redundancy may be a major problem in organizational research today. In this paper, we explain and empirically illustrate a method for investigating this potential problem. We applied the method to examine the empirical redundancy of job satisfaction (JS) and organizational commitment (OC), two well-established organizational constructs. Analysis based on responses from a sample of 292 employees collected at two occasions showed that: (a) the construct-level correlation between JS and OC was very high (.91) and (b) both JS and OC are similarly related to positive affectivity and negative affectivity. These results suggest that the constructs may be empirically indistinguishable, despite their well-established conceptual distinction. These findings illustrate the problem of empirical redundancy of organizational constructs and provide a basis for a possible movement towards parsimony in the realm of constructs that could open the way to more rapid advances in knowledge in organizational research. 相似文献
37.
Retrospective dream components endorsed on the KJP Dream Inventory were correlated with those on the Short Test of Musical Preference for 68 graduate students in counseling psychology (11 men). Among 40 correlations, 6 were significant between preferences for Heavy Metal and Dissociative avoidance dreams (.32), Dreaming that you are dreaming (.40), Dreaming that you have fallen unconscious or asleep (.41), Recurring pleasantness (.31), and Awakening abruptly from a dream (-.31); between preferences for Rap/Hip-Hop and Sexual dreams (.27); and between preferences for Jazz and Recurring pleasantness in dreams (.33). Subjects preferring Classical music reported a higher incidence of Dreams of flying (.33) and rated higher Discontentedness in dreams (-.26). The meaning of these low values awaits research based on personality inventories and full dream reports. 相似文献
38.
A new method for identifying spatial reference frames is described and applied to the study of spatial span. In this method, a spatial sequence is displayed in relation to two reference frames that move relative to each other, so that different temporal orders are described in each reference frame. As applied to spatial span, a sequence of dots was displayed on a rectangular template that moved relative to the computer screen and the observer. Three experiments showed that the choice of reference frame is influenced by prior conditions, the size of the template, and the presence of an alternative stationary reference frame. Recall was impaired (1) when the template moved, suggesting that movement interference occurred, and (2) with increasing template size, but only if the template was used as the reference frame. 相似文献
39.
Edward J. Daly III Ph.D. Sandra M. Chafouleas Ph.D. Michael Persampieri B.S. Christine M. Bonfiglio Ph.D. Kristy LaFleur M.A. 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2004,13(3):165-178
The purpose of the current study was to examine blending and segmenting of phonemes as an instance of small, textual response classes that students learn to combine to produce whole word reading. Using an A/B/A/B design, a phoneme segmenting and blending condition that included differential reinforcement for response classes at the level of phonemes was compared to a control condition which was equated for differential reinforcement of reading words and opportunities to respond. The critical difference between conditions was the size of the responses that were brought under stimulus control (phonemes versus whole words). Findings clearly supported the superiority of the phoneme blending treatment condition over the control condition in producing generalized increases in word reading. The results are discussed in terms of the behavioral mechanisms that govern early literacy behaviors and the essential role that targeting measured increases in academic responses plays in furthering our understanding of how to improve the analysis and instruction of students who need to learn these important skills. 相似文献
40.
Emily Walsh Lia Rosenstein Kristy Dalrymple Iwona Chelminski Mark Zimmerman 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2017,24(3-4):341-354
For bariatric surgery candidates, history of child abuse and PTSD may be under-recognized or under-reported at pre-surgical evaluation. On a range of clinically relevant factors, we studied 3045 candidates for bariatric surgery: (1) those with a history of childhood abuse compared to those without such history; and (2) among candidates with a history of abuse, those with a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD compared to those without that diagnosis. We compared them on current and lifetime eating disorders, physical health problems, health behaviors, physical functioning, psychosocial functioning, psychiatric disorders, emotional wellness, body satisfaction, and self-esteem. We hypothesized that patients with a history of childhood abuse, and within that group, those with a lifetime PTSD diagnosis, would display greater overall impairment. Patients were interviewed with semi-structured interviews and completed self-report questionnaires. Results showed that (1) patients with a history of childhood abuse exhibited significantly greater impairment than those without abuse; and (2) among candidates with a history of abuse, those with a lifetime history of PTSD displayed significantly greater impairment than those without a PTSD diagnosis. The findings suggest that a history of both childhood abuse and lifetime PTSD should be thoroughly assessed for at pre-surgical evaluation, and that greater attention be paid to the experience of PTSD symptoms in abuse survivors presenting for bariatric surgery. 相似文献