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81.
Participants were 147 undergraduates majoring in programs classified as more professional (education, n = 28; business, n = 33) or less professional (natural sciences, n = 36; social science, n = 50) and more people-oriented (education, social sciences) or less people-oriented (business, natural sciences). They completed self-report tests for 13 personality constructs (five from Goldberg's version of the Five Factor Model, three from Eysenck and Eysenck's theory, and five others). Students in less professional disciplines scored higher on openness to experience (intellect/imagination) than those in more professional disciplines. Students in more people-oriented disciplines scored higher on empathy than those in less people-oriented disciplines. Women scored higher than men on conscientiousness, industriousness, and empathy, but lower than men on independence. Critical comments are offered and suggestions for research are made. 相似文献
82.
Emotional and arousing treatments given shortly after learning enhance delayed memory retrieval in animal and human studies. Positive affect and reward induced prior to a variety of cognitive tasks enhance performance, but their ability to affect memory consolidation has not been investigated before. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a small, non-contingent, intrinsic or extrinsic reward on delayed memory retrieval. Participants (n=108) studied and recalled a list of 30 affectively neutral, imageable nouns. Experimental groups were then given either an intrinsic reward (e.g., praise) or an extrinsic reward (e.g., US 1 dollar). After a one-week delay, participants' retrieval performance for the word list was significantly better in the extrinsic reward groups, whether the reward was expected or not, than in controls. Those who received the intrinsic reward performed somewhat better than controls, but the difference was not significant. Thus, at least some forms of arousal and reward, even when semantically unrelated to the learned material, can effectively modulate memory consolidation. These types of treatments might be useful for the development of new memory intervention strategies. 相似文献
83.
William S. Cain 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1969,6(6):349-354
A series of five experiments showed that there are reliable differences among the exponents of the psychophysical power functions for odorants. There was virtually a perfect rank-order correlation between the size of the exponent and the water-solubility of the odorants. The exponents for odorants that are completely soluble in water (n-propanol and acetone) were approximately 2.5 times the size of the exponents for odorants that are insoluble in water (n-octanol and geraniol). For n-aliphatic alcohols, the size of the exponent and solubility in water decrease as a function of carbon chain-length. Although the exponents were higher when the stimuli were delivered with an air-dilution olfactometer than when they were sniffed from cotton swabs, the relative values among odorants were independent of the method of stimulus presentation. 相似文献
84.
The degree of perceived force involved in squeezing a handgrip dynamometer is shown to grow as a power function of the force of isometric contraction and also as a power function of the duration of the squeeze. The exponent for force turns out to be more than twice that for duration. These two power functions are able to predict measurements of muscle endurance, i.e., of the maximum length of time that contraction of any constant level of force can be sustained. 相似文献
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Martha J. Zaslow Frank A. Pedersen Joan T.D. Suwalsky Richard L. Cain Myrna Fivel 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》1985,6(1):1-16
Home observations of mother-father-infant interaction and mother-infant interaction were contrasted in middle-class families in which the mother was employed or a full-time caregiver. First-born infants and their parents were observed at 3 months. The results indicate that when mother, father, and infant were together parents in the single wage-earner families provided more tactile stimulation to their babies; fathers in single wage-earner families tended to interact more with their infants than did mothers, while in dual wage-earner families mothers tended to interact more than fathers; and fathers in single wage-earner families exceeded fathers in dual wage-earner families in interactions with their infants. By contrast, mothers in the two groups showed very little difference in their interactions with their babies. No significant differences were found for maternal behavior in the three-person observation, and a single behavior differentiated between the groups in the mother-baby observation, with homemaker mothers more often making visual contact with their babies. The implications of these findings are discussed, both with respect to further research, and with regards to the development of children of employed mothers. 相似文献
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89.
In this paper, one of the most common disorders of childhood and adolescence, social anxiety disorder (SAD), is examined to
illustrate the complex and delicate interplay between parent and child factors that can result in normal development gone
awry. Our parent–child model of SAD posits a host of variables that converge to occasion the onset and maintenance of this
disorder. Specifically, five risk factors—temperamental characteristics of the child, parental anxiety, attachment processes
in the parent–child dyad, information processing biases, and parenting practices—will be highlighted. While it is acknowledged
that other factors including genetic influences and peer relationships may also be important, they are simply not the focus
of this paper. Within these constraints, the implications of our parent–child interaction model for prevention, treatment,
research, and practice will be explored. 相似文献
90.
What-where-when (WWW) memory during cache recovery was investigated in six Clark’s nutcrackers. During caching, both red-
and blue-colored pine seeds were cached by the birds in holes filled with sand. Either a short (3 day) retention interval
(RI) or a long (9 day) RI was followed by a recovery session during which caches were replaced with either a single seed or
wooden bead depending upon the color of the cache and length of the retention interval. Knowledge of what was in the cache
(seed or bead), where it was located, and when the cache had been made (3 or 9 days ago) were the three WWW memory components
under investigation. Birds recovered items (bead or seed) at above chance levels, demonstrating accurate spatial memory. They
also recovered seeds more than beads after the long RI, but not after the short RI, when they recovered seeds and beads equally
often. The differential recovery after the long RI demonstrates that nutcrackers may have the capacity for WWW memory during
this task, but it is not clear why it was influenced by RI duration. 相似文献