Estimation of reliability and true score variance from a split of a test into three arbitrary parts

This paper gives a method of estimating the reliability of a test which has been divided into three parts. The parts do not have to satisfy any statistical criteria like parallelism or-equivalence. If the parts are homogeneous in content (congeneric),i.e., if their true scores are linearly related and if sample size is large then the method described in this paper will give the precise value of the reliability parameter. If the homogeneity condition is violated then underestimation will typically result. However, the estimate will always be at least as accurate as coefficient and Guttman's lower bound ₃ when the same data are used. An application to real data is presented by way of illustration. Seven different splits of the same test are analyzed. The new method yields remarkably stable reliability estimates across splits as predicted by the theory. One deviating value can be accounted for by a certain unsuspected peculiarity of the test composition. Both coefficient and ₃ would not have led to the same discovery.Expanded version of a paper given at the Psychometric Society Meeting in Stanford, California, March 1974.     

The personality basis of aggression: The mediating role of anger and the moderating role of emotional intelligence

High neuroticism and low agreeableness have been found to predict higher levels of aggression through an increase of negative emotions such as anger. However, previous research has only investigated these indirect associations for physical aggression, whereas evidence for such indirect effects on other types of aggression (i.e., verbal or indirect aggression) is currently lacking. Moreover, no previous work has investigated the moderating role of Ability Emotional Intelligence (AEI), which may buffer against the effects of anger on aggression. The present study (N = 665) directly addresses these gaps in the literature. The results demonstrate that high neuroticism and low agreeableness were indirectly related to higher levels of physical, verbal, and indirect aggression via increased chronic accessibility to anger. Importantly however, the associations with physical aggression were significantly weaker for those higher (vs. lower) on AEI, confirming the buffering role of AEI. We discuss the implications of our findings for theoretical frameworks aiming to understand and reduce aggression and violent behavior.     

How to keep attention from straying: Get engaged!

Previous research has suggested that the involuntary allocation of spatial attention to salient, irrelevant stimuli (i.e., attentional capture) is prevented when attention is in a focused state (e.g., Yantis & Jonides, 1990). Recent work has suggested that although focused attention may be necessary to prevent attentional capture by irrelevant stimuli, it is not sufficient (e.g., Folk, Leber, & Egeth, 2002). The present experiments provide evidence that attentional engagement, rather than attentional focusing, prevents capture. Observers performed a rapid serial visual presentation task in which they were asked to identify a target letter defined by color. Peripheral distractors that shared the color of the target produced evidence of attentional capture. This effect was completely eliminated, however, when the peripheral distractor was preceded by a central distractor designed to engage attention on the stream. It is concluded that attentional engagement serves to lock out capture by irrelevant, salient stimuli.     

The Association of Cognitive Ability with Right‐wing Ideological Attitudes and Prejudice: A Meta‐analytic Review

The cognitive functioning of individuals with stronger endorsement of right‐wing and prejudiced attitudes has elicited much scholarly interest. Whereas many studies investigated cognitive styles, less attention has been directed towards cognitive ability. Studies investigating the latter topic generally reveal lower cognitive ability to be associated with stronger endorsement of right‐wing ideological attitudes and greater prejudice. However, this relationship has remained widely unrecognized in literature. The present meta‐analyses revealed an average effect size of r = ?.20 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) [?0.23, ?0.17]; based on 67 studies, N = 84 017] for the relationship between cognitive ability and right‐wing ideological attitudes and an average effect size of r = ?.19 (95% CI [?0.23, ?0.16]; based on 23 studies, N = 27 011) for the relationship between cognitive ability and prejudice. Effect sizes did not vary significantly across different cognitive abilities and sample characteristics. The effect strongly depended on the measure used for ideological attitudes and prejudice, with the strongest effect sizes for authoritarianism and ethnocentrism. We conclude that cognitive ability is an important factor in the genesis of ideological attitudes and prejudice and thus should become more central in theorizing and model building. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology     

Eine empirische Untersuchung zur Klassifikation der Gefühle

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Untersuchung stellt einen empirischen Beitrag zum Problem der Gefühlsklassifikation dar. Mit Hilfe des Gesetzes vom kategorischen Urteil in Verbindung mit dem experimentellen Verfahren der Einstufung in aufeinanderfolgende Intervalle wurde die mehrdimensionale Skalierungsaufgabe gelöst. Wir erhielten ein fünfdimensionales Klassifikationssystem.Der Vergleich mit der von Traxel und Heide auf der Grundlage des Polaritätsprofils vorgenommenen Analyse zeigte grundsätzliche Widerspruchsfreiheit beider Systeme. Allerdings erwies sich die Methode des Polaritätsprofils als weniger ergiebig, so daß Traxels System nur einem Ausschnitt unserer Ergebnisse entspricht. Dieses Resultat wurde mit Hilfe eines besonderen Transformationsverfahrens gewonnen.Zugleich konnte die Untersuchung als Validitätsprüfung der Methode des Polaritätsprofils aufgefaßt werden. Zwar ließ sich die Orthogonalitätsannahme des semantischen Raums annähernd verifizieren, doch wurde eine erhebliche Maßstabsungleichheit der Achsen festgestellt. In Verallgemeinerung unseres speziellen Beispiels wird die Vermutung geäußert, daß die immer wieder beobachtete geringe Dimensionszahl des Raums der Konnotationen nicht eine Gesetzlichkeit verbalen Materials darstellt, sondern auf Maßstabsverzerrungen auf den Achsen rückführbar und daher ein methodisch bedingtes Artefakt ist.     

Das Cliffsche Gesetz im Deutschen

Zusammenfassung Werden Adverb-Adjektiv-Kombinationen als ethische Urteile über Menschen gebraucht, so ist der Skalenwert der Kombination auf einer Verhältnisskala als Produkt des Werts des unmodifizierten Adjektivs auf dieser Skala und eines skalenunabhängigen Multiplikators, der Stärke des Adverbs, auffaßbar. Dieses von Cliff für das Amerikanische, Englische, Australische und Französische aufgestellte Gesetz wird auch im Deutschen nachgewiesen. Deutsche Adverbien und ihre amerikanischen Wörterbuchübersetzungen werden hinsichtlich ihrer Stärken verglichen. Übereinstimmung ergibt sich keineswegs in allen Fällen. Es wurde eine Analysetechnik entwickelt, die nur eine gewöhnliche Tischrechenmaschine voraussetzt.