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941.
Involuntary autobiographical memories are conscious memories of personal events that come to mind with no preceding attempts at retrieval. It is often assumed that such memories are closely related to current concerns – i.e., uncompleted personal goals. Here we examined involuntary versus voluntary (deliberately retrieved) autobiographical memories in relation to earlier registered current concerns measured by the Personal Concern Inventory (PCI; Cox & Klinger, 2000). We found no differences between involuntary and voluntary memories with regard to frequency or characteristics of current concern-related contents. However, memories related to current concerns were rated as more central to the person’s identity, life story and expectations for the future than non-concern-related memories, irrespective of mode of recall. Depression and PTSD symptoms correlated positively with the proportion of current concern-related involuntary and voluntary memories. The findings support the view that involuntary and voluntary remembering is subject to similar motivational constraints. 相似文献
942.
We investigated cross-language influences in the representation and acquisition of Dutch word gender by native speakers of German. Participants named pictures in Dutch, using gender-marked noun phrases, and were trained on this task using feedback. Nouns differed in gender compatibility and cognate status with respect to German. The results show clear effects of cross-language gender compatibility and cognate status on response accuracy, certainty, and consistency. Feedback during training reduced gender errors approximately by half, and affected the different item conditions similarly. Furthermore, relative to the initial error rates, incorrect gender responses given with great certainty were not harder to modify than those with lower certainty. The results provide insights into the nature and stability of correct and incorrect gender representations in L2, and demonstrate the pervasiveness of transfer from the first to the second language even after intensive training. 相似文献
943.
944.
Kristin Shrader-Frechette 《Synthese》2010,177(3):449-469
One way to do socially relevant investigations of science is through conceptual analysis of scientific terms used in special-interest
science (SIS). SIS is science having welfare-related consequences and funded by special interests, e.g., tobacco companies,
in order to establish predetermined conclusions. For instance, because the chemical industry seeks deregulation of toxic emissions
and avoiding costly cleanups, it funds SIS that supports the concept of “hormesis” (according to which low doses of toxins/carcinogens
have beneficial effects). Analyzing the hormesis concept of its main defender, chemical-industry-funded Edward Calabrese,
the paper shows Calabrese and others fail to distinguish three different hormesis concepts, H, HG, and HD. H requires toxin-induced,
short-term beneficial effects for only one biological endpoint, while HG requires toxin-induced, net-beneficial effects for
all endpoints/responses/subjects/ages/conditions. HD requires using the risk-assessment/regulatory default rule that all low-dose
toxic exposures are net-beneficial, thus allowable. Clarifying these concepts, the paper argues for five main claims. (1)
Claims positing H are trivially true but irrelevant to regulations. (2) Claims positing HG are relevant to regulation but
scientifically false. (3) Claims positing HD are relevant to regulation but ethically/scientifically questionable. (4) Although
no hormesis concept (H, HG, or HD) has both scientific validity and regulatory relevance, Calabrese and others obscure this
fact through repeated equivocation, begging the question, and data-trimming. Consequently (5) their errors provide some undeserved
rhetorical plausibility for deregulating low-dose toxins. 相似文献
945.
Joana Coutinho Patrícia Oliveira‐Silva Eugnia Fernandes Oscar F. Gonalves Diogo Correia Kristin Perrone Mc‐Govern Wolfgang Tschacher 《Family process》2019,58(3):716-733
Previous studies about romantic relationships have shown that the reciprocal influence between partners occurs not only at the behavioral and socio‐emotional levels, but also at the psychophysiological level. This reciprocal influence is expressed in a pattern of physiological synchrony between partners (i.e., coordinated dynamics of the physiological time series). The main aim of the present study was to explore the presence of a pattern of physiological synchrony in electrodermal activity (EDA) during a couple interaction task. A second objective was to compare the synchrony levels during a negative interaction condition versus a positive interaction condition. Finally, we analyzed the association between synchrony and self‐perception of empathy, dyadic empathy, and relationship satisfaction. Thirty‐two couples (64 individuals) participated in this study. Each couple performed a structured interaction task while the EDA of both partners was being registered. The quantification of synchrony was based on the cross‐correlation of both members' EDA time‐series. In order to control for coincidental synchrony, surrogate datasets were created by repeatedly shuffling the original data of spouses X and Y of a dyad and computing synchronies on the basis of the shuffled data (pseudosynchrony values). Our results confirmed the presence of significant EDA synchrony during the interaction. We also found that synchrony was higher during the negative interactions relative to the positive interactions. Additionally, physiological synchrony during positive interaction was higher for those couples in which males scored higher in dyadic empathy. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
946.
947.
Despite mounting evidence that first-born children are overrepresented among incumbents in political office, there is no consensus about the cause of this overrepresentation. Some stress the impact of differential parenting, arguing that the first-born receive a larger share of parental resources and have a greater need to live up to parental expectations. Others emphasize the interaction among siblings, arguing that first-born children are better prepared for power struggles, having experience both as followers and as leaders within the family. This study, using birth-order data for nearly 1,200 incumbents in various offices in local and national politics in the Netherlands, found more support for the parental impact perspective. Singletons were also overrepresented among incumbents, whereas middle-born children were underrepresented. The data suggest that this birth-order effect is weaker among younger generations and is more pronounced among women. 相似文献
948.
David Wacker Wendy Berg Jay Harding Linda Cooper-Brown 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2004,13(4):213-226
We describe the historic and current use of brief experimental analysis procedures in outpatient clinic and home settings. We discuss some applications of the designs and suggest design modifications for improving internal validity. We describe our application of the designs to longitudinal, in-home programs for children with severe behavior disorders and demonstrate how related versions of brief experimental analysis procedures can be linked to form a more comprehensive evaluation. 相似文献
949.
The dynamic relationship between performance feedback, trust, and conflict in groups: A longitudinal study 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Randall S. Peterson Kristin Jackson Behfar 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2003,92(1-2):102-112
Moderate task conflict has generally been associated with higher group performance, and relationship conflict associated with lower performance. Past studies have most often discussed their findings as though differences in level of intragroup conflict cause differences in group performance—rather than testing the additional possibility that reported group conflict is a reaction to feedback on past group performance. This paper explores the dynamic relationships between intragroup conflict and performance with a longitudinal design. Results from 67 groups suggest that initial performance feedback to groups can have significant consequences for future team interaction. We find evidence to suggest that, (a) negative initial group performance feedback results in later increases in both task and relationship conflict, but that (b) groups with high early intragroup trust are buffered from experiencing the worst of future relationship conflict. 相似文献
950.