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91.
Previous evidence demonstrates that power is mentally represented as vertical space by adults. However, little is known about how power is mentally represented in children. The current research examines such representations. The influence of vertical information (motor cues) was tested in both an explicit power evaluation task (judge whether labels refer to powerless or powerful groups) and an incidental task (judge whether labels refer to people or animals). The results showed that when power was explicitly evaluated, vertical motor responses interfered with responding in children and adults, i.e., they responded to words representing powerful groups faster with the up than the down cursor key (and vice versa for powerless groups). However, this interference effect disappeared in the incidental task in children. The findings suggest that children have developed a spatial representation of power before they have been taught power–space associations formally, but that they do not judge power spontaneously. 相似文献
92.
Andre Almeida Emery Schubert John Smith Joe Wolfe 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2017,79(7):1892-1896
Brightness is an attribute often used by musicians when describing timbral characteristics. It is related to the spectral distribution of energy, as is sharpness, studied by Zwicker (Psychoacoustics: Facts and Models, 1990). In the current work, subjects adjusted the spectral slope and thus the spectral centroid (SC) of one of a pair of sounds to make it twice as bright as the other, so as to build a perceptual scale. The ratio of SC required to double brightness is a little less than 2 and decreases as the SC of the tones increases. For these tones, the ratio of brightness is statistically different from the ratio of sharpness calculated from published models. 相似文献
93.
This article introduces a new method of data analysis that represents the playing of written music as a graph. The method,
inspired by Miklaszewski, charts low-level note timings from a sound recording of a single-line instrument using high-precision
audio-to-MIDI conversion software. Note onset times of pitch sequences are then plotted against the score-predicted timings
to produce a Note-Time Playing Path (NTPP). The score-predicted onset time of each sequentially performed note (horizontal
axis) unfolds in performed time down the page (vertical axis). NTPPs provide a visualisation that shows (1) tempo variations,
(2) repetitive practice behaviours, (3) segmenting of material, (4) precise note time positions, and (5) time spent on playing
or not playing. The NTPP can provide significant new insights into behaviour and cognition of music performance and may also
be used to complement established traditional approaches such as think-alouds, interviews, and video coding. 相似文献
94.
Liepelt R Strobach T Frensch P Schubert T 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2011,64(7):1251-1272
This study examines whether an improved intertask coordination skill is acquired during extensive dual-task training and whether it can be transferred to a new dual-task situation. Participants practised a visual-manual task and an auditory-vocal task. These tasks were trained in two groups matched in dual-task performance measures before practice: a single-task practice group and a hybrid practice group (including single-task and dual-task practice). After practice, the single-task practice group was transferred to the same dual-task situation as that for the hybrid practice group (Experiment 1), both groups were transferred to a dual-task situation with a new visual task (Experiment 2), and both groups were transferred to a dual-task situation with a new auditory task matched in task difficulty (Experiment 3). The results show a dual-task performance advantage in the hybrid practice group over the single-task practice group in the practised dual-task situation (Experiment 1), the manipulated visual-task situation (Experiment 2), and the manipulated auditory-task situation (Experiment 3). In all experiments, the dual-task performance advantage was consistently found for the auditory task only. These findings suggest that extended dual-task practice improves the skill to coordinate two tasks, which may be defined as an accelerated switching operation between both tasks. This skill is relatively robust against changes of the component visual and auditory tasks. We discuss how the finding of task coordination could be integrated in present models of dual-task research. 相似文献
95.
When people construct algebraic equations to represent quantitative relations, they often reverse the roles of the variables
(6S = P instead of 6P = S). Results from three experiments show that a major reason for such reversal errors is people’s adherence to, and interpretation
of, the Standard Form of algebraic models. College students constructed, selected, and interpreted algebraic models that either had the standard
multiplication format (MF: ax = y), or the mathematically equivalent division format (DF: y/a = x). A large minority of participants constructed reversed MF models, whereas most participants who were instructed to use DF
equations constructed correct models (Experiment 1). Most participants understood that MF and DF models of the same relation should be mathematically equivalent (Experiment 2), but they drew a conceptual distinction between these models (Experiment 3). The authors discuss the impact of notational conventions on people’s interpretation and use of representational tools. 相似文献
96.
Recent evidence suggests that the degree of interference in dual-task situations depends crucially on the pairings of input-
and output modalities of the two component tasks with increased dual-task costs for modality incompatible (i.e., visual–vocal
and auditory–manual) compared to modality compatible (i.e., visual–manual and auditory–vocal) dual tasks. These effects of
modality pairings in dual tasks have been related to the overlap of non-preferred processing pathways in modality incompatible
tasks. Until now, modality compatibility has not yet been related to other sources of interference in a dual-task context,
such as stimulus–response (S–R) compatibility or crosstalk. In the present study, we conducted two experiments using the paradigm
of the psychological refractory period (PRP) to test the effects of S–R compatibility and crosstalk on the effects of modality
compatibility in temporally overlapping task situations. Experiment 1 revealed an overadditive interaction between stimulus
onset asynchrony and modality compatibility for tasks with S–R compatible mappings, indicating that modality compatibility
effects are present in different task situations, even when S–R mappings are otherwise compatible. In Experiment 2, we aimed
at pinpointing the boundaries of the effects of modality compatibility in dual-task situations. We showed that additional
sources of dual-task interference in a modality compatible dual task could overwrite the pronounced PRP effect previously
shown for modality incompatible tasks. Taken together, these data provide new evidence that the specific types of stimulus–response
modality pairings are an additional factor that might interact with other sources of interference in dual-task situations. 相似文献
97.
Non-Mereological Universalism 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kristie Miller 《European Journal of Philosophy》2006,14(3):404-422
98.
Kristie Miller 《Canadian journal of philosophy》2019,49(1):94-122
One argument for the moving spotlight theory is that it better explains our temporal phenomenology than does any static theory. In this paper it is argued that insofar as moving spotlight theorists take this to be a sound argument they ought embrace a new version of the moving spotlight theory according to which the moving spotlight is a cresting wave of causal efficacy. Hence a range of fundamental properties are temporary because presentness synchronically changesthe fundamental properties that are instantiated in the present moment, and our experiences of presentness co-varies with presentness, allowing us to phenomenologically detect presentness. 相似文献
99.
Res Publica - Hussain claims that ethical consumers are subject to democratic requirements of morality, whereas ordinary price/quality consumers are exempt from these requirements. In this paper,... 相似文献
100.
Kristie Dotson 《Philosophical Issues》2019,29(1):69-83
Here I outline an often under‐appreciated position within Anglo‐analytic epistemology, that of the apostate to operative metaphilosophical constraints. To help identify and promote awareness of metaphilosophical apostacy, here, I describe the form of metaphilosophical apostacy that I practice in Anglo‐analytic epistemology (AAE). My apostasy with respect to AAE begins with significant, metaphilosophical divergences or deep senses of incongruence. A metaphilosophical divergence, on my account, refers to conflict at the level of inquiry‐shaping assumptions, constraints, aims, and/or commitments. In this paper, I claim that one way metaphilosophical apostasy emerges in Anglo‐analytic epistemology is when inquiry‐shaping divergences lead to conceptual indifference. Conceptual indifference, on my account, refers to disinterest that can follow from divergent metaphilosophical and/or aspirational aims and goals for one's favored investigations. To be clear, this is a paper for the growing population of epistemologists who find operative metaphilosophical constraints in AAE ill‐fitting. 相似文献