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191.
The authors investigated (a) whether increased closeness and decreased closeness of a relationship are associated with better and poorer psychological health, respectively; and (b) whether poorer psychological health is related to perceiving oneself or to perceiving the other person as primarily responsible for decreased closeness. A sample of English undergraduate students (52 female, 52 male; 16-23 years of age) completed M. Rosenberg's (1965) Self-Esteem Scale, D. P. Goldberg's (1972) 12-item General Health Questionnaire, and a 6-item scale developed for this study to measure change in closeness and to identify the initiator(s) of the change. Decreased closeness was related to poorer psychological health in male participants' platonic relationships and in female participants' romantic relationships. Poorer psychological health was associated with (a) perceiving the other person as responsible for decreased closeness in male participants' platonic relationships and (b) perceiving both parties as mutually responsible for decreased closeness in female participants' romantic relationships. 相似文献
192.
A distinction is made between two levels of sexual identification. The deeper level was measured by May's Deprivation/Enhancement fantasy pattern, while the surface level was assessed using the Masculinity-Femininity of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. These measures, while clearly differentiating between college males and females, were found to be unrelated to each other. Moreover, the deeper level was found to be related to the use of "masculine" and "feminine" defense mechanisms. 相似文献
193.
Forty-three women who had worked outside of the home prior to becoming pregnant and had returned to the same place of employment after the birth of their children participated in the study. To do so, they responded to a two-part questionnaire asking about their work lives (e.g., level of job satisfaction before, during, and after their pregnancies) and demographic characteristics (e.g., occupation). The results indicated that their job satisfaction was significantly greater before their pregnancies than either during or after their pregnancies. Job satisfaction during pregnancy had a significant, positive correlation with satisfaction with organizational maternity leave policies. Perceived reactions from women's coworkers and supervisors were also examined. Implications for these findings for organizations are discussed. Limitations of the study, and how they might be rectified in future research, are also addressed. 相似文献
194.
Using a self-paced moving window reading paradigm, we examine the degree to which structural commitments made while 60 Spanish-English L2 speakers read syntactically ambiguous sentences in their second language (L2) are constrained by the verb's lexical entry about its preferred structural environment (i.e., subcategorization bias). The ambiguity under investigation arises because a noun phrase immediately following a verb can be parsed as either the direct object of the verb 'The CIA director confirmed the rumor when he testified before Congress', or as the subject of an embedded complement 'The CIA director confirmed the rumor could mean a security leak'. In an experiment with 59 monolingual English participants, we replicate the findings reported in the previous literature demonstrating that native speakers are guided by subcategorization bias information during sentence interpretation. In a bilingual experiment, we then show that L2 subcategorization biases influence L2 sentence interpretation. The results indicate that L2 speakers keep track of the relative frequencies of verb-subcategorization alternatives and use this information when building structure in the L2. 相似文献
195.
Speech priming tasks are frequently used to delineate stages in the speech process such as lexical retrieval and motor programming.
These tasks, often measured in reaction time (RT), require fast and accurate responses, reflecting maximized participant performance,
to result in robust priming effects. Encouraging speed and accuracy in responding can take many forms, including verbal instructions
and feedback, and often involves visually displayed RT feedback. However, it is uncertain how manipulation of the schedule
of this RT feedback influences speech RT speed and, ultimately, the priming effect. This experiment examined the effect of
visually presented RT feedback schedules on priming patterns in 20 older healthy adults. Results suggested that feedback schedule
manipulation had a differential effect on reaction time, depending on the interstimulus interval between the prime and the
target, but no effect on response priming patterns. 相似文献
196.
William Todd Abraham Robert Ervin Cramer Ana Maria Fernandez Eileen Mahler 《Current Psychology》2001,20(4):337-348
Asymmetries in subjective distress were observed among African American and white (N = 191) men and women who were asked to imagine a partner being emotionally and sexually unfaithful, and a partner committing
other paired, gender-linked viola-tions-of-trust. More women than men were distressed by imagining a partner forming a deep
emotional attachment to another person and more men than women were distressed by imagining a partner enjoying passionate
sexual intercourse with another person. In addition, more men than women were distressed by male-linked violations, such as
a partner no longer trying to look attractive, and more women than men were distressed by female-linked violations, such as
a partner no longer wanting to work. The results contribute to a growing body of cross-cultural research reporting gender
differences in distress to emotional and sexual infidelity. The results also provide cross-cultural validation of the extension
of an evolutionary perspective to under-standing gender differences in subjective distress to other biologically relevant
viola-tions-of-trust. 相似文献
197.
Robert Ervin Cramer William Todd Abraham Lesley M. Johnson Barbara Manning-Ryan 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2001,20(4):327-336
Men and women were asked to imagine a romantic partner being sexually unfaithful and/or emotionally unfaithful. Three hypotheses
regarding gender differences in subjective distress to sexual and emotional infidelity, and in the inferences linking the
infidelities were tested. The results indicated that more men than women were distressed by imagining a partner enjoying passionate
sexual intercourse with another person, and more women than men were distressed by imagining a partner forming a deep emotional
attachment to another person. Asking another group of women and men to imagine a partner committing both infidelities at the
same time, and then to indicate which component of the combined infidelity was the most distressing, produced the same sexual
asymmetries. The prediction that men will infer from a partner's sexual infidelity the co-occurrence of emotional infidelity
and that women will infer from a partner’s emotional infidelity the co-occurrence of sexual infidelity was not supported.
An evolutionary perspective, rather than an alternative analysis emphasizing the different inferences men and women draw from
sex and love, provided a satisfactory explanation of the sexual asymmetries in the cues to jealousy. 相似文献
198.
Phebe Cramer 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2008,2(5):1963-1981
Defense mechanisms are cognitive processes that function to protect the individual from excessive anxiety or other negative emotions. They also protect the person from loss of self‐esteem and, in the extreme, the loss of self‐integration. Although past critics questioned the existence of defense mechanisms, recent research has supported seven basic tenets regarding defenses. These include: (1) defenses function outside of awareness; (2) there is a chronology of defense development; (3) defenses are present in the normal personality; (4) defense use increases under conditions of stress; (5) defense use reduces the conscious experience of negative emotions; (6) defense function is connected to the autonomic nervous system; (7) excessive use of defenses is associated with psychopathology. Research supporting the seven pillars of defense mechanism theory is described in this essay. 相似文献
199.
Phebe Cramer 《Journal of personality assessment》2017,99(3):265-274
The purpose of this study is to explore whether 2 different dimensions of personality, when assessed at an implicit level with the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT; Murray, 1943) will show a theoretically meaningful coherence not demonstrated when 1 is assessed at an implicit level and the other at an explicit level. Gender identity and defense mechanisms were assessed implicitly using the TAT. Gender identity was compared with a self-report measure of gender-related attributes assessed at the explicit level. The results showed a theoretically meaningful coherence when different dispositions were assessed at the same level, but a lack of agreement when similar dispositions were assessed at different levels. The study is based on a secondary analysis of data from 2 previously published papers (Cramer, 1998; Cramer &; Westergren, 1999). 相似文献
200.
Robert J. Cramer Amy L. Wevodau Brett O. Gardner Claire N. Bryson 《Journal of personality assessment》2017,99(1):67-77
We evaluated the psychometric properties of scores on the Need for Affect–Short Form (NAQ–S) in 3 samples: undergraduate students (Sample I), jury-eligible community members (Sample II), and forensic clinicians (Sample III). Concerning factor structure, the NAQ–S 2-factor structure displayed good fit to the data in Sample I, with mostly acceptable levels of internal consistency for both approach and avoidance scores. Construct validity patterns were observed such that approach scores were most strongly correlated with female gender and trait agreeableness scores, whereas avoidance scores were most strongly correlated to trait agreeableness scores. Criterion validity associations emerged in that approach scores displayed main effects on mock juror judgments in hate crimes, and forensic clinician judgments of violence risk estimation. Finally, avoidance scores displayed moderating effects on recommended sentencing length by hate crime victim type. Implications are discussed for emotion in legal decision making and future research. 相似文献