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181.
182.
Robert Ervin Cramer William Todd Abraham Lesley M. Johnson Barbara Manning-Ryan 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2001,20(4):327-336
Men and women were asked to imagine a romantic partner being sexually unfaithful and/or emotionally unfaithful. Three hypotheses
regarding gender differences in subjective distress to sexual and emotional infidelity, and in the inferences linking the
infidelities were tested. The results indicated that more men than women were distressed by imagining a partner enjoying passionate
sexual intercourse with another person, and more women than men were distressed by imagining a partner forming a deep emotional
attachment to another person. Asking another group of women and men to imagine a partner committing both infidelities at the
same time, and then to indicate which component of the combined infidelity was the most distressing, produced the same sexual
asymmetries. The prediction that men will infer from a partner's sexual infidelity the co-occurrence of emotional infidelity
and that women will infer from a partner’s emotional infidelity the co-occurrence of sexual infidelity was not supported.
An evolutionary perspective, rather than an alternative analysis emphasizing the different inferences men and women draw from
sex and love, provided a satisfactory explanation of the sexual asymmetries in the cues to jealousy. 相似文献
183.
William Todd Abraham Robert Ervin Cramer Ana Maria Fernandez Eileen Mahler 《Current Psychology》2001,20(4):337-348
Asymmetries in subjective distress were observed among African American and white (N = 191) men and women who were asked to imagine a partner being emotionally and sexually unfaithful, and a partner committing
other paired, gender-linked viola-tions-of-trust. More women than men were distressed by imagining a partner forming a deep
emotional attachment to another person and more men than women were distressed by imagining a partner enjoying passionate
sexual intercourse with another person. In addition, more men than women were distressed by male-linked violations, such as
a partner no longer trying to look attractive, and more women than men were distressed by female-linked violations, such as
a partner no longer wanting to work. The results contribute to a growing body of cross-cultural research reporting gender
differences in distress to emotional and sexual infidelity. The results also provide cross-cultural validation of the extension
of an evolutionary perspective to under-standing gender differences in subjective distress to other biologically relevant
viola-tions-of-trust. 相似文献
184.
S R Ellins R E Cramer C Whitmore 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》1985,99(1):108-111
An aversion for an auditory stimulus was established in laboratory rats when a tone was spatially and temporally contiguous with a novel taste in a food conditioned stimulus compound followed by toxicosis. The procedure involved varying the location of the tone relative to a novel tasting food. During toxicosis conditioning, one group ate sweet food with a speaker located in the food, two groups ate sweet food with the speaker displaced (near or far) from the food, and a fourth group was presented with a tone without food available. It was found that the potentiation of auditory aversions required both the presence of a novel taste and spatial contiguity between the taste and the tone. 相似文献
185.
This article discusses whether ecology represents an alternative type of natural science, that is normatively committed. Central questions are:-how man and human action are integrated into the subject matter of ecology;-whether evaluative concepts like health are incorporated into the conceptual structure of ecology; and-whether ecology transcends the image of natural knowledge as control of nature.It is concluded that all hypotheses of ecology being inherently judgmental in character must be rejected.Like all the healing arts, ecology is through and through judgmental in character. It cannot be value-neutral.... What violates the natural harmony must be condemned; what enhances it be endorsed.... Ecology is the closest our science has yet come to an integrative wisdom. It, not physics, deserves to become the basic science of the future. 相似文献
186.
187.
Robert Ervin Cramer David J. Lutz Patricia A. Bartell Marguerite Dragna Kimberly Helzer 《Sex roles》1989,20(9-10):551-573
After listening to a masculine male, female subjects learned an instrumental escape response reinforced by the opportunity to listen to an androgynous male. The results of three experiments revealed a striking correspondence between conventional learning variables and social analogues of acquisition, partial reinforcement, delay of reinforcement, and intermittent shock. Subject responses to a postconversation questionnaire indicated that the comments made by the androgynous male were judged as more appropriate and more honest, and he was rated as more likable, more intelligent, more moral, and more mentally healthy, than his masculine counterpart. Discussion focused on the importance of investigating male sex role action using additional theoretically relevant social analogues of conventional learning variables and other familiar learning paradigms. 相似文献
188.
The temporal nature of the associations between client-rated therapist empathy and acceptance, and both client-and therapist-assessed therapeutic progress at sessions 2 and 6 were examined pairwise with cross-lagged panel correlatation (CLPC) and linear structural relationships (LISREL) analyses in 37 clients treated in weekly individual sessions of long-term psycoanalytic and person-centred therapy by 37 experienced therapists. Although none of the cross-lagged differences in the three CLPC analyses which met the necessary conditions for interpretation were significant, two of them approached it, suggesting that session 2 client-rated progress was a stronger determinant of session 6 therapist empathy and acceptance than vice versa. However, the LISREL analyses indicated that while session 2 client-rated progress was unrelated to session 6 therapist acceptance, session 2 therapist empathy was negatively correlated with session 6 client-rated progress. furthermore, both session 2 therapist empathy and acceptance were positively associated with session 6 therapist-rated progress, thereby providing some support for the therapeutic role of these two therapist variables as postulated by person-centred theory. 相似文献
189.
Male and female students participated in an experiment designed to test specific hypotheses fromsexual strategies theory (Buss & Schmitt, 1993) regarding their preferences for certain personal and physical traits in a potential mate. Participants
distributed 50 points among a number of trait-pairs. The items consisted of a consensually valued trait-pair, “biologically
relevant” trait-pairs, and a reference to ethnic and cultural similarity. In Condition 1 participants distributed the points
among the trait-pairs without any additional information about the potential mate; Condition 2 participants distributed the
points after being asked to assume the potential mate possessed some biologically relevant traits. Males, compared to females,
assigned more points to trait-pairs signalling highreproductive value, and females, compared to males, assigned more points to trait-pairs signalling highresource potential. Male and female participants in Condition 2, compared to control participants, distributed more points among the opposite
genders’ preferred traits. Discussion focused on speculation that assuming a potential mate possessed biologically relevant
traits increases the desirability of other traits related to the solution of common and genderspecific long-term mating problems. 相似文献
190.
Phebe Cramer 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1976,22(1):50-57
The false recognition procedure was used to determine the relative dominance of visual and verbal memory organization at two grade levels. The results indicated that visual encoding was predominant for first-graders, but that both visual and verbal encoding occurred with fourth-graders. 相似文献