There is No <Emphasis Type="Italic">Simpliciter Simpliciter</Emphasis>

This paper identifies problems with indexicalism and abverbialism about temporary intrinsic properties, and solves them by disentangling two senses in which a particular may possess a property simpliciter. The first sense is the one identified by adverbialists in which a particular possesses at all times the property as a matter of foundational metaphysical fact regardless of whether it is manifest. The second involves building on adverbialism to produce a semantics for property-manifestation according to which different members of a family of second-order properties of the foundational property are relevant to property manifestation at different times.     

Generalizing Teaching Techniques from University to K-12 Classrooms: Teaching Preservice Teachers to Use What They Learn

Preservice teachers learn evidence-based practices in university classrooms but often fail to use them later on in their own K-12 classrooms. The problem may be a missing link in teacher preparation, i.e., failure to teach preservice teachers to generalize newly acquired techniques. Two experiments using multiple baseline designs across participants assessed effectiveness of a model to promote generalization and maintenance of a specific teaching skill. In Experiment 1, preservice teachers’ maintenance of behavior deteriorated from practicum to student teaching when intervention consisted of training to criteria alone. When a programming for generalization component (program common stimuli) was added to the intervention, teachers in Experiment 2 generalized and maintained behavior across settings (student teaching to own classrooms) at a higher average than occurred during intervention.     

Reconceptualizing inhibition of return as

Inhibition of return (IOR) is an effect on spatial attention whereby reaction times to a target presented at a location where a stimulus had recently been presented are increased, as opposed to when a target is presented at a new location. Despite early reports that habituation is not responsible for the IOR effect, the human cognitive literature provides indirect evidence in favor of the possibility. In addition, recent neurophysiological studies provide direct support for the idea that habituation is at least a contributing source for the IOR effect. The present article describes how habituation may account for the IOR effect and explores some of the predictions that this hypothesis suggests.     

Interviewing Witnesses: Forced Confabulation and Confirmatory Feedback Increase False Memories

In two experiments, adults who witnessed a videotaped event subsequently engaged in face-to-face interviews during which they were forced to confabulate information about the events they had seen. The interviewer selectively reinforced some of the participants' confabulated responses by providing confirmatory feedback (e.g., "Yes, _is the correct answer") and provided neutral (uninformative) feedback for the remaining confabulated responses (e.g., "O.K. _"). One week later, participants developed false memories for the events they had earlier confabulated knowingly. However, confirmatory feedback increased false memory for forcibly confabulated events, increased confidence in those false memories, and increased the likelihood that participants would freely report the confabulated events 1 to 2 months later. The results illustrate the powerful role of social-motivational factors in promoting the development of false memories.     

Prognosis in primarily pure absence epilepsy

17 patients out of a total of 93 treated for primarily pure absence-epilepsy experienced secondary grand mal-seizures and eeg of 8 patients showed a grand mal-disposition (irregular s-w). These 25 patients, compared with the remaining 68 patients, attended more frequently a special school for mentally retarded children, their marks were worse, they left school in a lower form, and their vocational education was less qualified. 8 patients out of 65, who were primarily treated with Suxilep and without additional grand mal-remedy, experienced secondary grand mal-seizures (relative frequency 0.12). The question of the necessity of primary grand mal-prophylaxis is beeing discussed.     

The effects of atropine on viscerovisceral reactions and the electrocardiogram of the cat

In 12 chronic cats the effects of mechanical stimulation (distention) of the gallbladder on heart rate, respiratory movements and bioelectrical activity of the cerebral cortex were studied under normal conditions and after intraperitoneal administration of atropine. In the control group without atropine a decrease or an increase of heart rate and of respiratory movements occurred, depending on stimulation intensity. These changes were independent of an activated or inactivated EKG. Behavioral arousal was not seen in every cat. After administration of atropine in doses from 0.2 to 2.0 mg per kg body weight, the changes in heart rate, respiration and EKG were suppressed or completely disappeared.