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71.
72.
Kristen K. Ellard Christopher P. Fairholme Christina L. Boisseau Todd J. Farchione David H. Barlow 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2010,17(1):88-101
The Unified Protocol (UP) is a transdiagnostic, emotion-focused cognitive-behavioral treatment developed to be applicable across the emotional disorders. The UP consists of 4 core modules: increasing emotional awareness, facilitating flexibility in appraisals, identifying and preventing behavioral and emotional avoidance, and situational and interoceptive exposure to emotion cues. Here we present data from 2 open clinical trials. In the first trial, an initial version of the UP was administered to a heterogeneous clinical sample, yielding significant pre- to posttreatment effects across disorders on a variety of measures. Analyses of clinical significance demonstrated modest results, with 56% of participants achieving responder status and 33% achieving high end-state functioning. Further manual development ensued, resulting in specific modifications and enhancements to core treatment components, and a second trial presents data from an additional pilot study of this revised version of the UP. Results from this trial demonstrated more robust treatment effects, with 73% achieving responder status and 60% achieving high end-state functioning. Results improved further at 6-month follow-up, with 85% classified as treatment responders and 69% achieving high end-state functioning. Implications for the treatment of emotional disorders as well as dimensional conceptualizations of psychopathology are discussed. 相似文献
73.
Data from three experiments provide the first evidence that children, at least as young as age two, are vigilant of others’ non‐verbal cues to credibility, and flexibly use these cues to facilitate learning. Experiment 1 revealed that 2‐ and 3‐year‐olds prefer to learn about objects from someone who appears, through non‐verbal cues, to be confident in performing actions on those objects than from someone who appears uncertain when performing actions on those objects. Experiment 2 revealed that when 2‐year‐olds observe only one model perform a single action, either confidently or unconfidently, they do not use the model’s level of confidence in this single instance to influence their learning. Experiment 3 revealed that 2‐year‐olds will use a single model’s level of confidence to guide their learning if they have observed that the model has a history of being either consistently confident or consistently uncertain. These findings reveal that young children selectively alter their learning based on others’ non‐verbal cues of credibility, and underscore the importance of an early sensitivity to socio‐cognitive cues for human learning and development. 相似文献
74.
While significant heritability for childhood aggression has been claimed, it is not known whether there are differential genetic
and environmental contributions to proactive and reactive forms of aggression in children. This study quantifies genetic and
environmental contributions to these two forms of aggression in an ethnically diverse urban sample of 9–10 year old twins
(N = 1219), and compares results across different informants (child self-report, mother, and teacher ratings) using the Reactive–Proactive
Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ). Confirmatory factor analysis of RPQ items indicated a significant and strong fit for a two-factor
proactive–reactive model which was significantly superior to a one-factor model and which replicated across gender as well
as the three informant sources. Males scored significantly higher than females on both self-report reactive and proactive
aggression, findings that replicated on mother and teacher versions of the RPQ. Asian–Americans scored lower than most ethnic
groups on reactive aggression yet were equivalent to Caucasians on proactive aggression. African–Americans scored higher than
other ethnic groups on all measures of aggression except caregiver reports. Heritable influences were found for both forms
of aggression across informants, but while boys’ self-reports revealed genetic influences on proactive (50%) and reactive
(38%) aggression, shared and non-shared environmental influences almost entirely accounted for girls’ self-report reactive
and proactive aggression. Although genetic correlations between reactive and proactive aggression were significant across
informants, there was evidence that the genetic correlation was less than unity in boys self reported aggression, indicating
that genetic factors differ for proactive and reactive aggression. These findings provide the first evidence for varying genetic
and environmental etiologies for reactive and proactive aggression across gender, and provide additional support for distinction
between these two forms of aggression. 相似文献
75.
The current study was designed to investigate children's memory and suggestibility for events differing in valence (positive or negative) and veracity (true or false). A total of 82 3- and 5-year-olds were asked repeated questions about true and false events, either in a grouped order (i.e., all questions about a certain event asked consecutively) or in a nongrouped order (i.e., questions about a certain event were interspersed with questions about other events). Interviewer gender was also varied. Individual differences, including attachment style, inhibition, and behavioral adjustment, were examined as potential predictors of memory and suggestibility. Results revealed significant age, valence, and veracity effects on children's memory reports. Path analysis demonstrated that individual differences in behavioral problems and inhibitory ability predicted children's provision of inaccurate information. Implications for psychological theory and legal application are discussed. 相似文献
76.
Gearhart RF Lagally KM Riechman SE Andrews RD Robertson RJ 《Perceptual and motor skills》2008,106(3):893-903
The constant-RPE tracking model monitors progress over the course of exercise training. During aerobic exercise, prior work using this model has demonstrated similar relative intensities pre- and posttraining, while the absolute workload increases posttraining. However, the prediction equation associated with these changes has not been examined during resistance training. 22 men and 27 women (M age 64 yr.) participated in a 12-wk. resistance training. Orientation determined resistances associated with RPEs of 4, 5-6, 7-8, and 9 on the OMNI-Resistance Exercise Scale for each of seven exercises for each participant. Individuals trained 3 days a week for 12 wk. Linear regression was used to calculate percent of 1-repetition maximum (%1-RM) at RPE 4, 6, and 8 for the exercises. Paired sample t tests, comparing pre- and posttraining %1-RMs at each RPE, indicated that posttraining %1-RMs were higher for RPE 4 and 6 for each exercise, while at RPE 8, results were significant for only 3 exercises. Thus for at least the RPE 4 and 6, the constant RPE tracking model is appropriate for resistance exercise; however, the equation of prediction appears to differ from that for aerobic exercise. Development of a new prediction equation may be necessary to track relative strength in older adults. 相似文献
77.
Quality child care supports the achievement of low-income children: Direct and indirect pathways through caregiving and the home environment 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Kathleen McCartney Eric Dearing Beck A. Taylor Kristen L. Bub 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》2007,28(5-6):411
Existing studies of child care have not been able to determine whether higher quality child care protects children from the effects of poverty, whether poverty and lower quality child care operate as dual risk factors, or whether both are true. The objective of the current study was to test two pathways through which child care may serve as a naturally occurring intervention for low-income children: a direct pathway through child care quality to child outcomes, and an indirect pathway through improvements in the home environment. Children were observed in their homes and child care settings at 6, 15, 24, and 36 months. An interaction between family income-to-needs ratio and child care quality predicted School Readiness, Receptive Language, and Expressive Language, as well as improvements in the home environment. Children from low-income families profited from observed learning supports in the form of sensitive care and stimulation of cognitive development, and their parents profited from unobserved informal and formal parent supports. Policy implications are discussed. 相似文献
78.
SEXUAL OR FRIENDLY? ASSOCIATIONS ABOUT WOMEN, MEN, AND SELF 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kristen P. Lindgren Yuichi Shoda William H. George 《Psychology of women quarterly》2007,31(2):190-201
Using explicit, self-report measures, past research has found that heterosexual men, relative to heterosexual women, often attribute more sexuality to women's behaviors. In the present studies, the Implicit Association Test was used to determine if these findings held at the automatic processing level. The results of Study 1 were consistent with past research: Men, compared to women, had more sexual and less friendly automatic associations with the concept of women. Gender differences, however, were not observed in associations with the concept of self or men. Study 2 investigated how exposure to a dating context affected these associations. Associations about the self became more sexualized after reading about a first date, regardless of the participants' gender. However, for opposite-sex others, men's associations became less sexualized whereas women's associations became more sexualized. Collectively, these studies shed light on chronic and temporarily activated automatic processes relevant to sexual perception and contexts in which women are oversexualized. 相似文献
79.
ABSTRACT— We review association studies that have examined the genetic basis of eating disorders. Overall, findings suggest that serotonin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and estrogen genes may be important for the development of the disorders. These neuronal systems influence behavioral and personality characteristics (e.g., anxiety, food intake) that are disrupted in eating disorders. Future studies would benefit from larger sample sizes and inclusion of behavioral and personality covariates in analyses. Consideration of the mechanisms of genetic effects and interactions between genes and environment is also needed to extend conceptualizations of the genetic basis of these disorders. 相似文献
80.
Genetic and environmental bases of childhood antisocial behavior: a multi-informant twin study 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Baker LA Jacobson KC Raine A Lozano DI Bezdjian S 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2007,116(2):219-235
Genetic and environmental influences on childhood antisocial and aggressive behavior (ASB) during childhood were examined in 9- to 10-year-old twins, using a multi-informant approach. The sample (605 families of twins or triplets) was socioeconomically and ethnically diverse, representative of the culturally diverse urban population in Southern California. Measures of ASB included symptom counts for conduct disorder, ratings of aggression, delinquency, and psychopathic traits obtained through child self-reports, teacher, and caregiver ratings. Multivariate analysis revealed a common ASB factor across informants that was strongly heritable (heritability was .96), highlighting the importance of a broad, general measure obtained from multiple sources as a plausible construct for future investigations of specific genetic mechanisms in ASB. The best fitting multivariate model required informant-specific genetic, environmental, and rater effects for variation in observed ASB measures. The results suggest that parents, children, and teachers have only a partly "shared view" and that the additional factors that influence the "rater-specific" view of the child's antisocial behavior vary for different informants. This is the first study to demonstrate strong heritable effects on ASB in ethnically and economically diverse samples. 相似文献