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351.
Kristen Renwick Monroe 《Political psychology》2008,29(5):699-736
What turns neighbors into genocidalists? Why do some stand by, while others risk their lives to help? A narrative analysis of interviews with rescuers, bystanders, and Nazi supporters during World War II focuses attention on self‐image, worldview, and cognitive categorization as critical influences. Rescuers, bystanders, and Nazis demonstrated dramatically different self concepts, yet identity constrained choice for all groups. A critical aspect of identity is relational: the sense of self in relation to others. Worldview, canonical expectations, and idealized cognitive models are critical determinants, with the ethical importance of values emanating not from particular values but from the integration of these values into the speaker's sense of self. Finally, cognitive categorization carries strong ethical overtones. The dehumanization that spurs perpetrators and the sense of moral salience that drives rescuers work through the cognitive classification of “the other.” 相似文献
352.
Czajkowski N Kendler KS Jacobson KC Tambs K Røysamb E Reichborn-Kjennerud T 《Journal of personality disorders》2008,22(1):109-122
The objective of this study was to investigate the familial aggregation of passive aggressive personality disorder (PAPD), and explore issues regarding PAPD raised by the DSM-IV Personality Disorder Work Group. Two thousand seven hundred and ninety-four Norwegian twins from the population-based Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel were interviewed with the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality (SIDP-IV). Because of the rarity of the twins meeting full diagnostic criteria for PAPD a dimensional representation of the disorder was used for the analyses. Overlap with other axis II disorders was assessed by polychoric correlations, while familial aggregation was explored by structural equation twin models. Overlap was highest with paranoid (r = 0.52) and borderline personality disorder (r = 0.53), and lowest with schizoid (r = 0.26). Significant familial aggregation was found for PAPD. The twin correlations and parameter estimates in the full model indicated genetic and shared environmental effects for females, and only shared environmental effects for males, but the prevalence of endorsed PAPD criteria in this community sample was too low to permit us to conclude with confidence regarding the relative influence of genetic and shared environmental factors on the familial aggregation of PAPD. 相似文献
353.
This study examined the hypothesis that emotion is a psychological event constructed from the more basic elements of core affect and conceptual knowledge. Participants were primed with conceptual knowledge of fear, conceptual knowledge of anger, or a neutral prime and then proceeded through an affect-induction procedure designed to induce unpleasant, high-arousal affect or a neutral affective state. As predicted, only those individuals for whom conceptual knowledge of fear had been primed experienced unpleasant core affect as evidence that the world was threatening. This study provides the first experimental support for the hypothesis that people experience world-focused emotion when they conceptualize their core affective state using accessible knowledge about emotion. 相似文献
354.
Stephanie Ingram Jay L. Ringle Kristen Hallstrom David E. Schill Virginia M. Gohr Ronald W. Thompson 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(5):663-674
We describe over 300,000 crisis calls made to a large national hotline over a 5-year period. Callers consisted of males and
females between the ages of 10 and 89. Overall, a slight majority of callers were first time callers (52%) and most (73%)
sought assistance with issues related to parenting, youth concerns, and mental health. Across the lifespan, issues dealing
with loneliness increased with age whereas depression-related calls decreased. Additionally, females were more likely than
their male counterparts to call the hotline by over a 2- to 1-margin. Findings lend preliminary support to the efficacy of
crisis call centers to utilize a flexible, yet well-defined problem-solving approach to assist those of all ages calling with
the wide range of problems. 相似文献
355.
356.
Michael J. Lyons Timothy P. York Carol E. Franz Michael D. Grant Lindon J. Eaves Kristen C. Jacobson K. Warner Schaie Matthew S. Panizzon Corwin Boake Hong Xian Rosemary Toomey Seth A. Eisen William S. Kremen 《Psychological science》2009,20(9):1146-1152
ABSTRACT— Previous research has demonstrated stability of cognitive ability and marked heritability during adulthood, but questions remain about the extent to which genetic factors account for this stability. We conducted a 35-year longitudinal assessment of general cognitive ability using the Armed Forces Qualification Test administered to 7,232 male twins in early adulthood and readministered to a subset of 1,237 twins during late middle age. The proportion of variance in cognitive functioning explained by genetic factors was .49 in young adulthood and .57 in late middle age. The correlation between the two administrations was .74 with a genetic correlation of 1.0, indicating that the same genetic influences operated at both times. Genetic factors were primarily responsible for stability, and nonshared environmental factors were primarily responsible for change. The genetic factors influencing cognition may change across other eras, but the same genetic influences are operating from early adulthood to late middle age. 相似文献
357.
A central issue in cognitive neuroscience of aging research is pinpointing precise neural mechanisms that determine cognitive
outcome in late adulthood as well as identifying early markers of less successful cognitive aging. One promising biomarker
is beta amyloid (Aβ) deposition. Several new radiotracers have been developed that bind to fibrillar Aβ providing sensitive
estimates of amyloid deposition in various brain regions. Aβ imaging has been primarily used to study patients with Alzheimer’s
Disease (AD) and individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI); however, there is now building data on Aβ deposition in
healthy controls that suggest at least 20% and perhaps as much as a third of healthy older adults show significant deposition.
Considerable evidence suggests amyloid deposition precedes declines in cognition and may be the initiator in a cascade of
events that indirectly leads to age-related cognitive decline. We review studies of Aβ deposition imaging in AD, MCI, and
normal adults, its cognitive consequences, and the role of genetic risk and cognitive reserve. 相似文献
358.
Andrea V. McPherson Kristen M. Lewis Amy E. Lynn Mary E. Haskett Tara S. Behrend 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(1):61-69
We examined a model of parenting stress for abusive mothers (n = 80) and nonabusive mothers (n = 86) using linear regression analyses. Predictors in the model included (a) the degree to which mothers were bothered by
child misbehavior, (b) mothers’ general psychological functioning, and (c) observed child behavior during parent–child interactions.
Whether abuse status moderated the relations between each predictor and parenting stress was also explored. Results indicated
that mothers’ psychological functioning significantly predicted parenting stress; however, neither mothers’ intolerance for
their children’s misbehavior nor observed child behavior were significant predictors of parenting stress in the regression
model. A test of moderation revealed a significant interaction between parental intolerance and abuse status such that intolerance
predicted parenting stress level only for abusive mothers. A comparison of correlations indicated that abusive mothers’ level
of parenting stress was more closely related to their intolerance for child conduct problems than to the child’s behavior
during play with their mothers. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for interventions to reduce parenting stress
experienced by nonabusive and abusive mothers. 相似文献
359.
This study examined the relations of adolescents’ perceptions of pressures from the media, their mothers, and their peers with the development of eating disorder symptomology. Participants were 333 male and female adolescents in high school grades 10–12 from a suburban area of the Midwestern US. During the school day, students completed Likert-type scales of perceived pressures and eating disorder symptomology. Canonical correlations showed that students who perceived greater pressures across all three environmental contexts also reported more eating disorder symptomology. However, the patterns of relations between the perceived pressures and specific eating disorder symptoms differed by gender. Implications for future research and prevention programs are discussed. 相似文献
360.