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201.
Using pooled data from the 1998 and 2003 Demographic and Health Surveys, this paper investigates the association between religion and contraceptive behavior of married women in Ghana. Guided by the particularized theology and characteristics hypotheses, multinomial logit and complementary log-log models are used to explore denominational differences in contraceptive adoption among currently married women and assess whether the differences could be explained through other characteristics. We found that while there were no differences between women of different Christian faiths, non-Christian women (Muslim and Traditional) were significantly more likely to have never used contraception compared with Christian women. Similar observations were made on current use of contraception, although the differences were greatly reduced in the multivariate models. 相似文献
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204.
This article celebrates the contribution that the American Journal of Psychology (AJP) has made to the area of perceptual-motor skill over its 125-year history. We highlight the articles published in AJP and trace the technical and theoretical developments that stem from this groundbreaking work. Included in our overview are AJP articles on the excitability of the motor system, motor learning, adaptation to visual rearrangement, the ecological approach to perception and action, and the measurement of human handedness. We conclude by identifying a number of areas associated with perceptual-motor skill where AJP continues to make an important contribution. 相似文献
205.
We describe a computational model to explain a variety of results in both standard and false recognition. A key attribute of the model is that it uses plausible semantic representations for words, built through exposure to a linguistic corpus. A study list is encoded in the model as a gist trace, similar to the proposal of fuzzy trace theory (Brainerd & Reyna, 2002), but based on realistically structured semantic representations of the component words. The model uses a decision process based on the principles of neural synchronization and information accumulation. The decision process operates by synchronizing a probe with the gist trace of a study context, allowing information to be accumulated about whether the word did or did not occur on the study list, and the efficiency of synchronization determines recognition. We demonstrate that the model is capable of accounting for standard recognition results that are challenging for classic global memory models, and can also explain a wide variety of false recognition effects and make item-specific predictions for critical lures. The model demonstrates that both standard and false recognition results may be explained within a single formal framework by integrating realistic representation assumptions with a simple processing mechanism. 相似文献
206.
Preschoolers who explore objects haptically often fail to recognize those objects in subsequent visual tests. This suggests that children may represent qualitatively different information in vision and haptics and/or that children’s haptic perception may be poor. In this study, 72 children (2½-5 years of age) and 20 adults explored unfamiliar objects either haptically or visually and then chose a visual match from among three test objects, each matching the exemplar on one perceptual dimension. All age groups chose shape-based matches after visual exploration. Both 5-year-olds and adults also chose shape-based matches after haptic exploration, but younger children did not match consistently in this condition. Certain hand movements performed by children during haptic exploration reliably predicted shape-based matches but occurred at very low frequencies. Thus, younger children’s difficulties with haptic-to-visual information transfer appeared to stem from their failure to use their hands to obtain reliable haptic information about objects. 相似文献
207.
The purpose of the present study was to see if 7-10-year-old socially anxious children (n = 26) made systematic errors in identifying and sending emotions in facial expressions, paralanguage, and postures as compared with the more random errors of children who were inattentive-hyperactive (n = 21). It was found that socially anxious children made more errors in identifying anger and fear in children's facial expressions and anger in adults' postures and in expressing anger in their own facial expressions than did their inattentive-hyperactive peers. Results suggest that there may be systematic difficulties specifically in visual nonverbal emotion communication that contribute to the personal and social difficulties socially anxious children experience. 相似文献
208.
Categories are learned and used in a variety of ways, but the research focus has been on classification learning. Recent work
contrasting classification with inference learning of categories found important later differences in category performance.
However, theoretical accounts differ on whether this is due to an inherent difference between the tasks or to the implementation
decisions. The inherent-difference explanation argues that inference learners focus on the internal structure of the categories—what
each category is like—while classification learners focus on diagnostic information to predict category membership. In two
experiments, using real-world categories and controlling for earlier methodological differences, inference learners learned
more about what each category was like than did classification learners, as evidenced by higher performance on a novel classification
test. These results suggest that there is an inherent difference between learning new categories by classifying an item versus
inferring a feature. 相似文献
209.
The present study examined the flexibility with which people can adopt different category schemes in the spatial domain. In
a location memory task, participants viewed and estimated the locations of four kinds of objects that were spatially grouped
by object identity. This identity-based arrangement was either congruent or incongruent with the perceptually based, geometric
categories that have been reported in previous research. Four experiments examined the conditions under which these different
category schemes are used to inform estimates of locations. The results showed that use of identity information depended on
the number of objects to be remembered during a trial: When one or two objects were remembered at a time, only geometric categories
affected estimates, but when four objects were to be remembered, both geometric categories and identity groupings affected
estimates. As memory load increases, participants rely on additional sources to inform their estimates of location. 相似文献
210.
In two experiments, we examined the impact of the degree of match between sequential auditory perceptual organization processes
and the demands of a short-term memory task (memory for order vs. item information). When a spoken sequence of digits was
presented so as to promote its perceptual partitioning into two distinct streams by conveying it in alternating female (F)
and male (M) voices (FMFMFMFM)—thereby disturbing the perception of true temporal order—recall of item order was greatly impaired
(as compared to recall of item identity). Moreover, an order error type consistent with the formation of voice-based streams
was committed more quickly in the alternating-voice condition (Exp. 1). In contrast, when the perceptual organization of the
sequence mapped well onto an optimal two-group serial rehearsal strategy—by presenting the two voices in discrete clusters
(FFFFMMMM)—order, but not item, recall was enhanced (Exp. 2). The results are consistent with the view that the degree of
compatibility between perceptual and deliberate sequencing processes is a key determinant of serial short-term memory performance.
Alternative accounts of talker variability effects in short-term memory, based on the concept of a dedicated phonological
short-term store and a capacity-limited focus of attention, are also reviewed. 相似文献