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There is continued controversy over the possibility of blocked and subsequently recovered accurate memories. Memory blocking produced by a retrieval biasing procedure followed by recovery through repeated testing was demonstrated in two experiments. Predictions derived from the retrieval bias explanation and from the level of cumulative recall (LOCR) concerning hypermnesia for blocked material were tested. Expt 1 disconfirmed the retrieval bias hypothesis that the blocked material would remain blocked. However, there was no accelerated recovery despite the lower rate of recall for the bias group compared to the control group as predicted based on LOCR. Expt 2 replicated the Expt 1 findings and used metamemory tasks to further explore the recovery process. The data led the authors to conclude that accurate recovery of memory with corresponding high confidence is possible through repeated testing provided suggestive questioning and misinformation are not presented. 相似文献
64.
Extensive research suggests when and how anxiety has debilitating or facilitating effects on routine cognitive tasks or motor tasks. However, research examining anxiety's relation to performance on creative tasks such as divergent thinking and artistic tasks is less conclusive despite a rather substantial literature. The authors' meta-analytic investigation of 59 independent samples finds that anxiety is significantly and negatively related to creative performance. In addition, the findings provide insights into factors such as task complexity, type of task (i.e., figural or verbal), and type of anxiety (i.e., state or trait) that moderate the relationship between anxiety and creativity-all of which are consistent with the idea that anxiety and creativity present competing cognitive demands. In addition to identifying gaps in the literature such as the need for research using a two-component model of anxiety in relation to creativity, the authors' results have practical implications for those seeking to increase individual creativity. 相似文献
65.
Lauren B. Cattaneo Wing Yi Chan Rachel Shor Kris T. Gebhard Nour H. Elshabassi 《American journal of community psychology》2019,63(3-4):476-486
Scholarship has documented the challenges that face college students of marginalized economic backgrounds, an issue that is relevant for Community Psychology because of the field's commitment to social justice. Community psychologists are concerned with facilitating access to social resources such as education across the full range of social identities. The current study builds on recent research that has identified the key role of classism in students' struggles. We developed a new measure of college student financial stress in order to investigate the relationship between indices of social class (financial stress, subjective social status, and parental education) and indices of classism (institutional, interpersonal, and citational). We also explored whether race or immigration status moderated these relationships in a sample of diverse students (N = 278). Findings show that students' current financial stress has the strongest relationship with classism, and immigration status moderates the exposure to citational classism. Specifically, we found evidence for perpetuation of classism among U.S. born students higher on the social class ladder. Implications for future research include the importance of considering multiple domains of social class, studying social class in a context‐specific way, and differentiating dimensions of classism. Findings also suggest that financial stress is an important focus in the work to support marginalized students, and that classist narratives need to be addressed among students of higher social class. 相似文献
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Kris McDaniel 《Philosophical Studies》2007,133(1):131-141
I argue that extended simples are possible. The argument given here parallels an argument given elsewhere for the claim that
the shape properties of material objects are extrinsic, not intrinsic as is commonly supposed. In the final section of the
paper, I show that if the shape properties of material objects are extrinsic, the most popular argument against extended simples
fails. 相似文献
68.
Evans K Rotello CM Li X Rayner K 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2009,62(2):276-285
Cultural differences have been observed in scene perception and memory: Chinese participants purportedly attend to the background information more than did American participants. We investigated the influence of culture by recording eye movements during scene perception and while participants made recognition memory judgements. Real-world pictures with a focal object on a background were shown to both American and Chinese participants while their eye movements were recorded. Later, memory for the focal object in each scene was tested, and the relationship between the focal object (studied, new) and the background context (studied, new) was manipulated. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves show that both sensitivity and response bias were changed when objects were tested in new contexts. However, neither the decrease in accuracy nor the response bias shift differed with culture. The eye movement patterns were also similar across cultural groups. Both groups made longer and more fixations on the focal objects than on the contexts. The similarity of eye movement patterns and recognition memory behaviour suggests that both Americans and Chinese use the same strategies in scene perception and memory. 相似文献
69.
Kris N. Kirby 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(3):457-462
The temporal stability of delay-discount rates for monetary rewards was assessed using a monetary choice questionnaire (Kirby
& Marakovic, 1996). Of 100 undergraduate participants who completed the questionnaire at the initial session, 81 returned
5 weeks later and 46 returned 57 weeks later for subsequent sessions. The 5-week test—retest stability of discount rates was
.77 (95% confidence interval 5 .67—.85), the 1-year stability was .71 (.50–.84), and the 57-week stability was .63 (.41—.77).
Thus, at least when similar testing situations are reinstated, discount rates as individual differences have 1-year stabilities
in the range that is typically obtained for personality traits. Discount rates index an attribute of the person that is relatively
stable over time but that is moderated by aspects of the situation, such as reward type and deprivational state. 相似文献
70.
Beth Frydlewicz Kris Rhodes Iris Fuller Donna Hobart 《Infant mental health journal》1983,4(4):336-343
Important insights into the nature of the Perinatal Positive Parenting program can be gained through case reviews by the volunteer parents regarding their experiences with the program. Some information about the impact of the program on the new parent involved can only be captured in this way. This is also true of the considerable positive impact the program has had on the volunteers themselves. In this article three of the Perinatal Positive Parenting program volunteers outline these dimensions in brief case reviews. Bibliographic vignettes of the three volunteers are also provided. 相似文献