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Philip Kraft Stoddard 《Behavior research methods》1987,19(5):446-448
Inexpensive piezo ceramic disks make ideal keypeck switches for use in the operant conditioning of passerine birds. The advantage of solid-state keys over conventional microswitches is that their sensitivity may be adjusted to detect extremely gentle pecks. The advantage of this piezoelectric system over optical detection is the lack of problems due to misalignment and contamination. Instructions are provided for constructing both the peck key and the accompanying interface circuitry. 相似文献
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Gudrun Dieserud Espen Rysamb
ivind Ekeberg Pl Kraft 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2001,31(2):153-168
Applying a cognitive approach, the purpose of the present study was to expand previous research on stress-vulnerability models of depression and problem-solving deficits, as it relates to suicide attempt. Structural equation modelling, involving latent variables, was used to evaluate (a) whether low self-esteem, a low sense of self-efficacy, loneliness, and divorce constituted vulnerability factors for the development of depression; (b) whether hopelessness and suicidal ideation mediated the relationship between depression and suicide attempt; and (c) whether problem-solving deficits mediated the relationship between the vulnerability factors and suicide attempt, separate from depression/hopelessness. A total of 123 individuals, aged 18-75 years, participated in the study (72 suicide attempters and 51 psychiatric outpatients with no history of suicidal behavior). The results indicated a two path model of suicide attempt. The first path began with low self-esteem, loneliness, and separation or divorce, which advanced to depression, and was further mediated by hopelessness and suicidal ideation which led to suicide attempt. The second path developed from low self-esteem and a low sense of self-efficacy and advanced to suicide attempt, mediated by a negative appraisal of one's own problem-solving capacity, and poor interpersonal problem-solving skills. The importance of addressing both depression/hopelessness, and problem-solving deficits when working with suicide attempters is noted. 相似文献
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Alcoholism treated by desensitization: a case report 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2