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161.
The aim of the present work is to evaluate the efficacy of a program entitled "Prevention of child sexual abuse" the first structured program in Spain designed to prevent such risks. With this purpose, we carried out a study of 382 minors with ages ranging between 8 and 12 years. The result s show that the program has a very positive impact, increasing the awareness of the minors about this type of risk and improving their skills for coping with a possible event of sexual abuse. The efficacy of the program is also apparent, at the level of secondary prevention, in that it increased the likelihood that the children would reveal such events. Finally, exploration of the possible adverse effects of the program showed that the negative effects observed by parents and educators are negligible. 相似文献
162.
Hartsuiker RJ Antón-Méndez I Roelstraete B Costa A 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2006,32(4):949-953
Lexical bias is the tendency for phonological errors to form existing words at a rate above chance. This effect has been observed in experiments and corpus analyses in Germanic languages, but S. del Viso, J. M. Igoa, and J. E. García-Albea (1991) found no effect in a Spanish corpus study. Because lexical bias plays an important role in the debate on interactivity in language production, the authors reconsidered its absence in Spanish. A corpus analysis, which considered relatively many errors and which used a method of estimating chance rate that is relatively independent of total error number, and a speech-error elicitation experiment provided converging evidence for lexical bias in Spanish. The authors conclude that the processing mechanisms underlying this effect hold cross-linguistically. 相似文献
163.
Antonio Caselles Joan C. Micó Salvador Amigó 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2010,63(2):449-480
The existence of a close relation between personality and drug consumption is recognized, but the corresponding causal connection is not well known. Neither is it well known whether personality exercises an influence predominantly at the beginning and development of addiction, nor whether drug consumption produces changes in personality. This paper presents a dynamic mathematical model of personality and addiction based on the unique personality trait theory (UPTT) and the general modelling methodology. This model attempts to integrate personality, the acute effect of drugs, and addiction. The UPTT states the existence of a unique trait of personality called extraversion, understood as a dimension that ranges from impulsive behaviour and sensation‐seeking (extravert pole) to fearful and anxious behaviour (introvert pole). As a consequence of drug consumption, the model provides the main patterns of extraversion dynamics through a system of five coupled differential equations. It combines genetic extraversion, as a steady state, and dynamic extraversion in a unique variable measured on the hedonic scale. The dynamics of this variable describes the effects of stimulant drugs on a short‐term time scale (typical of the acute effect); while its mean time value describes the effects of stimulant drugs on a long‐term time scale (typical of the addiction effect). This understanding may help to develop programmes of prevention and intervention in drug misuse. 相似文献
164.
Aguilera A López SR Breitborde NJ Kopelowicz A Zarate R 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2010,119(4):875-885
This study examined whether the sociocultural context moderates the relationship between families' expressed emotion (EE) and clinical outcomes in schizophrenia. In a sample of 60 Mexican American caregivers and their ill relatives, we first assessed whether EE and its indices (criticism, emotional overinvolvement [EOI], and warmth) related to relapse. Second, we extended the analysis of EE and its indices to a longitudinal assessment of symptomatology. Last, we tested whether bidimensional acculturation moderated the relationship between EE (and its indices) and both relapse and symptom trajectory over time. Results indicated that EOI was associated with increased relapse and that criticism was associated with increased symptomatology. Additionally, as patients' Mexican enculturation (Spanish language and media involvement) decreased, EE was increasingly related to relapse. For symptomatology, as patients' U.S. acculturation (English language and media involvement) increased, EE was associated with increased symptoms longitudinally. Our results replicate and extend past research on how culture might shape the way family factors relate to the course of schizophrenia. 相似文献
165.
Hildur Valdimarsdóttir Lilja Yr Halldórsdóttir Zuilma Gabriela Sigurådóttir 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2010,43(1):101-105
A multiple baseline across settings was used to evaluate the effects of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior, nonremoval of the fork ( Hoch, Babbitt, Coe, Krell, & Hackbert, 1994 ), and stimulus fading on consumption of food rejected previously. The study was conducted in two separate settings, and caregivers were trained in the intervention technique to increase generalization to natural settings. Food variety increased in both settings. 相似文献
166.
Graciela León Orozco 《Journal of Employment Counseling》2010,47(3):100-110
In January of 2007, freezing temperatures destroyed citrus and vegetable crops in California. By May 2007, more than 9,000 freeze‐related unemployment applications had been filed. Through face‐to‐face interviews, this study documents the experience of 63 farmworkers to find out how they survived the freeze and accessed services. Findings revealed that more than half of the interviewees did not seek benefits from the governmental One‐Stop centers set up to help them. Less than 10% of interviewees stated the benefits had covered their needs. Creating simple, nonbureaucratic guidelines for assisting affected individuals emerged as a need. 相似文献
167.
Mario Gómez-Torrente 《Philosophical Studies》2010,148(3):439-443
Roy Sorensen has argued that a certain technical use of quotation marks to name the empty string supports a revised version
of Davidson’s theory of quotation. I point out that Sorensen’s considerations provide no support for Davidson’s original theory,
and I show that at best they support the revised Davidsonian theory only to the same extent that they support a simpler revised
version of a Tarskian theory. 相似文献
168.
Chóliz M 《Psychological reports》2010,107(1):15-24
Heuristics and cognitive biases can occur in reasoning and decision making. Some of them are very common in gamblers (illusion of control, representativeness, availability, etc.). Structural characteristics and functioning of games of chance favor the appearance of these biases. Two experiments were conducted with nonpathological gamblers. The first experiment was a game of dice with wagers. In the second experiment, the participants played two bingo games. Specific rules of the games favored the appearance of cognitive bias (illusion of control) and heuristics (representativeness and availability) and influence on the bets. Results and implications for gambling are discussed. 相似文献
169.
Daniel Ellsberg presented in Ellsberg (The Quarterly Journal of Economics 75:643–669, 1961) various examples questioning the
thesis that decision making under uncertainty can be reduced to decision making under risk. These examples constitute one
of the main challenges to the received view on the foundations of decision theory offered by Leonard Savage in Savage (1972).
Craig Fox and Amos Tversky have, nevertheless, offered an indirect defense of Savage. They provided in Fox and Tversky (1995)
an explanation of Ellsberg’s two-color problem in terms of a psychological effect: ambiguity aversion. The ‘comparative ignorance’ hypothesis articulates how this effect works and explains why it is important to an understanding
of the typical pattern of responses associated with Ellsberg’s two-color problem. In the first part of this article we challenge
Fox and Tversky’s explanation. We present first an experiment that extends Ellsberg’s two-color problem where certain predictions
of the comparative ignorance hypothesis are not confirmed. In addition the hypothesis seems unable to explain how the subjects
resolve trade-offs between security and expected pay-off when vagueness is present. Ellsberg offered an explanation of the
typical behavior elicited by his examples in terms of these trade-offs and in section three we offer a model of Ellsberg’s
trade-offs. The model takes seriously the role of imprecise probabilities in explaining Ellsberg’s phenomenon. The so-called
three-color problem was also considered in Fox and Tversky (1995). We argue that Fox and Tversky’s analysis of this case breaks
a symmetry with their analysis of the two-color problem. We propose a unified treatment of both problems and we present a
experiment that confirms our hypothesis. 相似文献
170.
Miklós Ferenczi 《Studia Logica》2010,95(3):345-354
Internal sets and the Boolean algebras of the collection of the internal sets are of central importance in non-standard analysis.
Boolean algebras are the algebraization of propositional logic while the logic applied in non-standard analysis (in non-standard
stochastics) is the first order or the higher order logic (type theory). We present here a first order logic algebraization
for the collection of internal sets rather than the Boolean one. Further, we define an unusual probability on this algebraization. 相似文献