指向具体人物对象的人际信任:跨文化比较及其认知模型

本文对指向具体人物对象的人际信任作了跨文化实证比较研究,并探讨了人际信任的认知模型。使用人际信任行为量表(ITBS)测量了中国、香港及美国三地大学生的人际信任。根据三组被试对诸如父亲、哥哥、同班同学、医生和陌生人等20个人们生活中经常能够接触的人物信任程度的高低,可将这些具体人物对象归为“亲人”,“熟人”和“陌生人”三个群体。三组被试对“亲人”群体的人际信任没有显著差异,但中国被试对其它两个人物对象群体的信任要高于美国和香港被试,而后两组被试的差别则不显著。另外,利用多元回归法在人际信任与六种认知变量间建立了模型关系,发现其中只有两个变量对模型作出主要贡献,即:(1)对由信任行为而得到得回报的期望值越高;(2)得不到回报而引致损害的严重性评估越低,则一个人作出某一信任行为的可能性就越大。被试的文化背景和社会工业化程度对人际信任认知模型没有影响。     

对“开发儿童创造力的实验研究”的几点评论

对“开发儿童创造力的实验研究”的几点评论孔企平（香港中文大学教育学院）《心理学报》１９９６年第３期刊登了张景焕、陈泽河先生的“开发儿童创造力的实验研究”一文。“开发儿童创造力的实验研究”是我国大陆近年来较大的一项培养学生创造力的研究。这项研究历时三年...     

中文读写能力及其相关因素研究

使用5点量表,本研究在北京地区调查了2187名小学一、三、五年级儿童的中文读写能力及其相关因素。因素分析抽取了8个因素：书面语意义理解、基本知觉能力、书写技能、家庭阅读背景、动作技能、口语能力、朗读和听写、书面表达。对上述因素进行多元逐步回归分析发现,各种读写能力内部相关显著。基本知觉能力、口语能力、家庭阅读背景和动作技能分别对中文读写能力的不同成分有显著解释作用。这个结果对于理解阅读能力发展及其与家庭阅读背景、口语、基本知觉一动作能力之间的关系,以及阅读障碍的内在机制具有重要的理论意义。     

台湾网络成瘾问题硕博士学术研究现况

综观台湾近几年来网络成瘾问题硕搏士研究论文：（1）研究方法采用问卷调查法、质性研究法、类实验设计法等三种型态作研究;（2）研究对象包含高中生、大学生、大学及研究生;（3）研究工具包括中文网络成瘾量表（C1AS）、上网效果正向预期量表、网效果负向预期量表、拒网自我效能量表网络使用调查表等共20种;（4）研究网络成瘾相关变项包括盛行率、性别、上网时数、游戏种类与成瘾的相关性、网络成瘾之认知模式等。长期使用网络在心理层面会形成依赖,在生理层面会形成一些类似戒断反映的症状,因此在享受科技化之际,去了解及认识它对人类各种身心社会的影响力势在必行,去思索改善不良的影响是研究者的责任及使命。     

Do young and older adults rely on different processes in source memory tasks? A neuropsychological study

Source memory has consistently been associated with prefrontal function in both normal and clinical populations. Nevertheless, the exact contribution of this brain region to source memory remains uncertain, and evidence suggests that processes used by young and older adults may differ. The authors explored the extent to which scores on composite measures of neuropsychological tests of frontal and medial temporal function differentially predicted the performance of young and older adults on source memory tasks. Results indicated that a frontal composite measure, consistently associated with source memory performance in older adults, was unrelated to source memory in young adults, although it was sensitive to a demanding working memory task. The memory composite score, however, predicted performance in the young group. In addition, item and source memory were correlated in young but not older people. Findings are discussed in terms of age-related differences in working memory and executive functions, and differential binding processes necessary for item and source memory. The requirement to integrate item and source information at encoding appears to place greater demands on executive or working memory processes in older adults than in younger adults.     

大学生公民教育新路径探析

当代中国的马克思主义是大学生公民教育的思想基础;培育中国特色社会主义共同理想的社会主义建设者是大学生公民教育的发展目标;传承与发扬民族精神与时代精神是大学生公民教育的重要使命;坚持弘扬社会主义荣辱观是大学生公民教育的实践方向.大学生公民教育要取得实效,一要不断探索新的实践路径,二要大力营造全社会共同关心高校公民教育的氛围.     

Improving quality of life in diverse rural older adults: a randomized trial of a psychological treatment

The efficacy of home-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in improving quality of life and reducing psychological symptoms in older adults was examined in this study. One hundred thirty-four participants, predominately African American and characterized as primarily rural, low resource, and physically frail, were randomly assigned to either CBT or a minimal support control condition. Results indicate that CBT participants evidenced significantly greater improvements in quality of life and reductions in psychological symptoms. Mediation of treatment through cognitive and behavioral variables was not found despite the acceptable delivery of CBT by research therapists. These data suggest that treatment can be effective with a disadvantaged sample of older adults and extend efficacy findings to quality of life domains. Creating access to evidence-based treatments through nontraditional delivery is an important continuing goal for geriatric health care.     

“内在”与“外在”谁更加重要?相貌与人格词汇认知加工的眼动研究

研究采用迫选实验范式,以43名大学生作为被试,采用眼动技术探究相貌和人格词汇认知加工的眼动模式。眼动结果发现:注视积极相貌词汇的总注视时间长于积极人格词汇的时间;注视消极相貌词汇的时间长于注视消极人格词汇的时间,注视点也更多;被试注视积极相貌词汇的平均瞳孔尺寸大于注视积极人格词汇的平均瞳孔尺寸,注视消极相貌词汇的平均瞳孔尺寸大于消极人格词汇的平均瞳孔尺寸。结果表明相貌和人格词汇认知加工的早期阶段不存在显著差异,晚期阶段存在显著差异;相比于内在人格而言,被试可能更加看重外在的相貌。     

The performance implication of obsessive work passion: unpacking the moderating and mediating mechanisms from a conservation of resources perspective

Work passion is an important determinant of work performance. While harmonious work passion (HWP) shows its consistent predictive value, obsessive work passion (OWP) appears to have a mixed relationship with work performance. To address this puzzle, we integrate research on OWP and emotional exhaustion with conservation of resources (COR) theory. Specifically, we argue that OWP determines emotional exhaustion, whose relationship with work performance is attenuated by leader-member exchange (LMX). By conducting a field study with a sample of 262 US employees, we found supportive evidence, even when controlling for psychological detachment from work. The findings somewhat reconcile the inconsistent results about OWP and work performance in the literature, shed light on research on work passion, LMX, and emotional exhaustion, and provide implications for managerial practice.