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151.
Information that is presumed to be true at encoding but later on turns out to be false (i.e., misinformation) often continues
to influence memory and reasoning. In the present study, we investigated how the strength of encoding and the strength of
a later retraction of the misinformation affect this continued influence effect. Participants read an event report containing
misinformation and a subsequent correction. Encoding strength of the misinformation and correction were orthogonally manipulated
either via repetition (Experiment 1) or by imposing a cognitive load during reading (Experiment 2). Results suggest that stronger
retractions are effective in reducing the continued influence effects associated with strong misinformation encoding, but
that even strong retractions fail to eliminate continued influence effects associated with relatively weak encoding. We present
a simple computational model based on random sampling that captures this effect pattern, and conclude that the continued influence
effect seems to defy most attempts to eliminate it. 相似文献
152.
We investigated whether infants can transfer their goal attribution between situations that contain different types of information about the goal. We found that 12-month-olds who had attributed a goal based on the causal efficacy of a means-end action generated expectations about the actor's action in another scenario in which the actor could choose between alternative outcomes. This finding suggests that, by 12 months, infants possess a unitary concept of goal. 相似文献
153.
This study examined whether blushing after a sociomoral transgression remediates trustworthiness in an interdependent context. Participants (N = 196) played a computerized prisoner's dilemma game with a virtual opponent who defected in the second round of the game. After the defection, a photograph of the opponent was shown, displaying a blushing or a nonblushing face. In a subsequent Trust Task, the blushing opponent was entrusted with more money than the nonblushing opponent. In further support of the alleged remedial properties of the blush, participants also indicated that they trusted the blushing opponent more, expected a lower probability that she would defect again, and judged the blushing opponent more positively. 相似文献
154.
Emotions have long been seen as counteracting rational thought, but over the last decades, they have been viewed as adaptive
processes to optimize human (but also animal) behaviour. In particular, positive affect appears to be a functional aspect
of emotions closely related to that. We argue that positive affect as understood in Kuhl’s PSI model of the human cognitive
architecture appears to have an interpretation in state-of-the-art hybrid robot control architectures, which might help tackle
some open questions in the field. 相似文献
155.
Hofer A Siedentopf CM Ischebeck A Rettenbacher MA Verius M Golaszewski SM Felber S Fleischhacker WW 《Brain and cognition》2007,63(2):174-181
Functional MRI was used to investigate brain activation in healthy volunteers during encoding of unfamiliar faces as well as during correct recognition of newly learned faces (CR) compared to correct identification of distractor faces (CF), missed alarms (not recognizing previously presented faces, MA), and false alarms (incorrectly recognizing newly presented faces, FA). Encoding was associated with frontal, occipital/fusiform, thalamic, and cerebellar activation. CR produced activation in frontal and cerebellar regions, whereas CF activated frontal and occipitotemporal regions as well as the thalamus. In contrast, MA was associated with frontal and thalamic activation, and FA with frontal activation. The CR minus CF comparison showed left lateral prefrontal and parietal activation, while no suprathreshold positive signal changes were detected when subtracting the other conditions (CR minus MA, CR minus FA, and vice versa). These results support the view that the successful episodic retrieval of newly learned faces is based on a dorsal visual stream mechanism. 相似文献
156.
How do people report the contents of short-term memory when information about order must be retained but items can be retrieved in any order? We report an experiment using an unconstrained reconstruction task in which people can report list items in any order but must place them in their correct serial positions. We found (1) a tendency to report recent items first in immediate but not in delayed reconstruction, (2) a tendency to recall temporally isolated items first, (3) a preference for forward recall order, and (4) a preference for output orders that minimize the length of the path that must be traversed through memory space during retrieval. The results constrain most current models of short-term memory in which retrieval is ballistic and is assumed to run to completion autonomously once initiated. 相似文献
157.
158.
159.
Although exceptional performance is a defining attribute of expertise, experts sometimes exhibit striking errors and performance limitations. This article reports two experiments in which experts predicted the spread of bush fires, a domain characterized by complex but well-understood physical dynamics. Although accuracy was typically high, large errors were observed when two primary predictor variables were in opposition. In a second study, the experts' behavior--in contrast to that of novices--was additionally shown to depend on problem context. In one context, experts again committed errors, whereas in another, equally domain-relevant context, the correct predictions were made. Critically, when comparing performance across contexts, completely opposing predictions were made under identical physical conditions. We therefore suggest that expertise may comprise separate, and sometimes even mutually exclusive, components of knowledge. 相似文献
160.
Mills C Stephan SH Moore E Weist MD Daly BP Edwards M 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2006,9(3-4):149-161
The report from President George W. Bush’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health (NFC), Achieving the Promise: Transforming Mental Health Care in America(2003), proposes goals and recommendations for improving mental health services. This report has significant implications
for the delivery of mental health services through the schools. A focused discussion of the potential opportunities and challenges
of implementing NFC recommendations related to school-based mental health is presented. Strategies for addressing five key
areas at the intersection of school mental health and the Commission’s recommendations include: stigma reduction, suicide
prevention, expansion and improvement of school mental health, and screening and treatment of co-occurring mental health and
substance abuse disorders. 相似文献