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171.
James D. Sauer Neil Brewer Nathan Weber 《Journal of applied research in memory and cognition》2012,1(2):80-88
Sauer, Brewer, and Weber (2008) advanced a novel procedure for testing eyewitness recognition memory. Rather than providing a single decision (i.e., identifying a lineup member or rejecting the lineup as a whole), participants rated their confidence that each lineup member was the culprit. Classification algorithms determined when patterns of confidence ratings indicated suspect guilt or innocence. Across varied test stimuli, confidence-based classifications equalled or out-performed single decisions. However, Sauer et al.’s classification criteria were designed to optimize performance for the data to which they were applied. If effective classification using confidence ratings requires such idiosyncratic criteria, the applied utility of the confidence procedure is nil. We re-analysed the data from Sauer et al.’s two identification experiments and demonstrated that confidence-based classification performance exceeding that of a traditional lineup task did not depend on uniquely developed classification criteria. Confidence-rating lineups offer a potentially promising alternative to procedures requiring single decisions from witnesses. 相似文献
172.
Loaiza VM McCabe DP Youngblood JL Rose NS Myerson J 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2011,37(5):1258-1263
Recent research in working memory has highlighted the similarities involved in retrieval from complex span tasks and episodic memory tasks, suggesting that these tasks are influenced by similar memory processes. In the present article, the authors manipulated the level of processing engaged when studying to-be-remembered words during a reading span task (Experiment 1) and an operation span task (Experiment 2) in order to assess the role of retrieval from secondary memory during complex span tasks. Immediate recall from both span tasks was greater for items studied under deep processing instructions compared with items studied under shallow processing instructions regardless of trial length. Recall was better for deep than for shallow levels of processing on delayed recall tests as well. These data are consistent with the primary-secondary memory framework, which suggests that to-be-remembered items are displaced from primary memory (i.e., the focus of attention) during the processing phases of complex span tasks and therefore must be retrieved from secondary memory. 相似文献
173.
Richard Rogers Nathan D. Gillard David T. R. Berry Robert P. GranacherJr. 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(3):355-367
The MMPI and MMPI-2 validity scales have long been accepted as standard tools in the assessment of feigned mental disorders
(FMD) based on their extensive empirical validation. Studies are now examining MMPI-2-RF with modified validity scales plus
the new Infrequent Somatic Responses Scale (FS) and the recently-adapted Response Bias Scale (RBS). The current investigation used a known-groups design to examine the
effectiveness of the MMPI-2-RF for differentiating FMD and feigned cognitive impairment (FCI) from patients with genuine disorders
for a large civil forensic sample. Criterion measures included the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms-2 (SIRS-2) for
the FMD group, and below-chance performances on the Victoria Symptom Validity Test (VSVT) and the Test of Memory Malingering
(TOMM) for the FCI group. For FMD, both F-r and FP-r produced very large effect sizes (ds > 2.00). Moreover, the absence of severe elevations (≥80 T) on F-r proved effective at ruling-out most FMD. For the current
study, a FP-r cut score ≥90 T for FMD produced virtually no false-positives (0.01) and only a moderate level of false-alarms. As predicted
by its detection strategies, most MMPI-2-RF validity scales have limited effectiveness with the FCI group. However, FBS-r
and RBS may be useful in conjunction with other clinical data for ruling out FCI for genuine neuropsychological consults.
An entirely separate concern is whether certain diagnostic groups, such as major depression, will have marked elevations on
MMPI-2-RF scales thereby increasing the likelihood of false-positives. On this point, FP-r performed exceptionally well with unelevated scores (Ms < 55 T) consistently across diagnostic categories. 相似文献
174.
Sarah Knox Alan W. Burkard Julie Janecek Nathan T. Pruitt Shauna L. Fuller Clara E. Hill 《Counselling psychology quarterly》2011,24(1):55-69
We interviewed 14 clinical and counseling psychology faculty regarding their experiences chairing positive and problematic dissertations. Data were analyzed using consensual qualitative research (CQR). Participants reported that advisors’ roles involved guiding/facilitating dissertations and helping students shape research ideas; students’ roles included taking responsibility, working independently, and maintaining good relationships with the chair/committee. With positive dissertation experiences, chairs and students collaborated before the dissertation, worked together well during the dissertation, and students began the dissertation feeling competent and motivated; such dissertations positively affected participants. Problematic dissertation experiences evinced difficult relationships between chair and student, and students’ low research capability; such dissertations negatively affected participants. 相似文献
175.
Reeb-Sutherland BC Fifer WP Byrd DL Hammock EA Levitt P Fox NA 《Developmental science》2011,14(5):1134-1141
Although infants display preferences for social stimuli early in their lives, we know relatively little about the mechanisms of infant learning about the social world. In the current set of studies, 1-month-old infants underwent an adapted eyeblink conditioning paradigm to examine learning to both 'social' and non-social cues. While infants were asleep, they were presented with either a 'social' stimulus (a female voice) or one of two non-social stimuli (tone or backward voice) followed by an airpuff presented to the eyelid. Infants in the experimental groups displayed increased learning across trials, regardless of stimulus type. However, infants conditioned to the 'social' stimulus showed increased learning compared to infants conditioned to either of the non-social stimuli. These results suggest a mechanism by which learning about the social world occurs early in life and the power of ecologically valid cues in facilitating that learning. 相似文献
176.
DeWall CN Twenge JM Koole SL Baumeister RF Marquez A Reid MW 《Emotion (Washington, D.C.)》2011,11(3):623-636
Nine experiments tested competing hypotheses regarding nonconscious affective responses to acute social exclusion and how such responses may relate to positive mental health. The results strongly and consistently indicated that acute social exclusion increased nonconscious positive affect. Compared to nonexcluded participants, excluded participants recalled more positive memories from childhood than did accepted participants (Experiment 1), gave greater weight to positive emotion in their judgments of word similarity (Experiments 2 and 3), and completed more ambiguous word stems with happy words (Experiments 4a and 4b). This process was apparently automatic, as participants asked to imagine exclusion overestimated explicit distress and underestimated implicit positivity (Experiment 3). Four final experiments showed that this automatic emotion regulation process was found among participants low (but not high) in depressive symptoms (Experiments 5 and 6) and among participants high (but not low) in self-esteem (Experiments 7 and 8). These findings suggest that acute exclusion sets in motion an automatic emotion regulation process in which positive emotions become highly accessible, which relates to positive mental health. 相似文献
177.
Public Health Ethics Education in a Competency-Based Curriculum: A Method of Programmatic Assessment
Public health ethics began to emerge in the 1990s as a development within bioethics. Public health ethics education has been
implemented in schools of public health in recent years, and specific professionalism and ethics competencies were included
in the Master of Public Health (MPH) competency set developed nationally and adapted by individual schools of public health
around the country. The University of Texas School of Public Health approved the present set of MPH competencies in 2005.
After 4 years of experience, we now report information measuring the extent to which “Professionalism and Ethics” competencies
and subcompetencies are being met in the MPH degree program. To this end we have audited the MPH “Professionalism and Ethics”
competency forms for FY2009 MPH graduates (n = 61). Eight courses, including required MPH core courses plus the practicum and culminating experience, were found to have
substantial professionalism and ethics content. Further, 67.2% of graduates met eight or more of the 13 competencies and subcompetencies,
but only 36.1% met all thirteen, indicating a need to identify topic areas to be added to, or enhanced in, the MPH curriculum.
In addition, these findings will inform ongoing efforts to enhance ethics education in our health science center. Assessment
of these competencies and subcompetencies is an essential step in strengthening ethics education at our institutions and in
better preparing our graduates for a challenging future. We report our efforts here to demonstrate one way of carrying out
programmatic assessment of ethics education in a school of public health. 相似文献
178.
Objective
Use classification tree analysis with lagged predictors to determine empirically derived cut-points for identifying adolescent girls at risk for future onset of threshold, subthreshold, and partial eating disorders and test for interactions between risk factors that may implicate qualitatively distinct risk pathways.Method
Data were drawn from a prospective study of 496 adolescent girls who completed diagnostic interviews and surveys annually for 8 years.Results
Body dissatisfaction emerged as the most potent predictor; adolescent girls in the upper 24% of body dissatisfaction showed a 4.0-fold increased incidence of eating disorder onset (24% vs. 6%). Among participants in the high body dissatisfaction branch, those in the upper 32% of depressive symptoms showed a 2.9-fold increased incidence of onset (43% vs. 15%). Among participants in the low body dissatisfaction branch, those in the upper 12% of dieting showed a 3.6-fold increased incidence onset (18% vs. 5%).Conclusion
This three-way interaction suggests a body dissatisfaction pathway to eating disorder onset that is amplified by depressive symptoms, as well as a pathway characterized by self-reported dieting among young women who are more satisfied with their bodies. It may be possible to increase the effectiveness of prevention programs by targeting each of these qualitatively distinct risk groups, rather than only individuals with a single risk factor. 相似文献179.
Degnan KA Hane AA Henderson HA Moas OL Reeb-Sutherland BC Fox NA 《Developmental psychology》2011,47(3):765-780
The goals of the current study were to investigate the stability of temperamental exuberance across infancy and toddlerhood and to examine the associations between exuberance and social-emotional outcomes in early childhood. The sample consisted of 291 4-month-olds followed at 9, 24, and 36 months and again at 5 years of age. Behavioral measures of exuberance were collected at 9, 24, and 36 months. At 36 months, frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry was assessed. At 5 years, maternal reports of temperament and behavior problems were collected, as were observational measures of social behavior during an interaction with an unfamiliar peer in the laboratory. Latent profile analysis revealed a high, stable exuberance profile that was associated with greater ratings of 5-year externalizing behavior and surgency, as well as observed disruptive behavior and social competence with unfamiliar peers. These associations were particularly true for children who displayed left frontal EEG asymmetry. Multiple factors supported an approach bias for exuberant temperament but did not differentiate between adaptive and maladaptive social-emotional outcomes at 5 years of age. 相似文献
180.
Thomas Goetz Anne C. Frenzel Heidrun Stoeger Nathan C. Hall 《Motivation and emotion》2010,34(1):49-62
The focus of this study is on everyday positive emotions and their relations to critical appraisal antecedents. Following
from classical appraisal theory and Pekrun’s (2006) control-value theory of achievement emotions, two research questions were addressed, namely whether cognitive appraisals
of control and value were related to discrete positive emotions in everyday situations and whether control and value antecedents
interact in predicting these emotions. We further investigated whether control/value and positive emotion relations changed
as a function of situational factors (achievement vs. non-achievement settings). 50 university freshmen (78% female) were
assessed by use of the experience sampling method for a period of 1 week, with intraindividual analyses conducted using a
multilevel, idiographic approach. Consistent with our hypotheses, the emotions of enjoyment, pride, and contentment were positively
related to control and value appraisals. Further, control and value interacted to predict these positive emotions. The strength
of appraisal/positive emotion relations was equivalent across achievement vs. non-achievement settings. Implications for future
research are discussed. 相似文献