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881.
U Milech J B?ning W Classen 《Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und medizinische Psychologie》1990,42(7):385-393
According to ICD-9 and DSM-III-R-criteria 14 subchronic schizophrenic male patients (duration of illness less than 2 years) and 17 chronically ill male schizophrenics (duration of illness between 5 to 12 years) matched for sex, age, education, type of illness, and medication were with the aid of 4 tests investigated with respect to time characteristics of performance parameters. Whereas subchronic patients revealed performance scores within the normal range of reference scores, chronically ill patients showed dissociative variations in performance (high scores in reasoning, low scores in speed factor). This can be interpreted as instability of brain functioning which characterizes schizophrenics suffering from a long duration of illness. Correlations between prolonged reactions to "crossmodal" choices and subjective basic symptoms in subchronic patients are hints at well established introspection ability of self regarded complaints. 相似文献
882.
With reference to features of two cases of grave traumatic temporal cerebral injury, where a "temporal psychosyndrome" as defined by Landolt was not ascertainable, the question is raised whether, apart from temporal-lobe epilepsy, such a syndrome really exists. Computed tomography offers an enhanced objective basis for an investigation embracing an extensive patient population. 相似文献
883.
Proceeding from H. Cosack (1937), and in view of the fact that since then no further casuistic contributions relating to the crimogenic aspect of the psychopathological frontal brain syndrome or to the forensic psychiatry of persons with frontal brain damage have appeared, we take up the discussion with five of our own cases. Since modern procedures have made it possible to localise exactly the consequences of brain damage, a new round of investigations might be expected to resolve the problems still left open. 相似文献
884.
U Zwiener H Witte M Rother D Hoyer M Eiselt H C Scholle 《Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und medizinische Psychologie》1990,42(2):65-78
By spectral EEG-mapping and EP-mapping, especially the topologic dimension of electrical brain activity can be evaluated for clinical use. On the other hand, this method allows the highest solution from all functional imaging procedures within the time dimension of brain activity. On the other hand, the ability of topological solution is limited. But the latter is probably better than hitherto assumed and surprisingly well at least regarding neonates. However, several methodological prerequisites described here must be fulfilled. From the pathophysiological point of view, the limits must be considered besides the diagnostic possibilities. Meanwhile, spectral EEG-mapping and EP-mapping are diagnostically used in all main fields of traditional EEG-analysis, like seizures and in the preadiagnostics of tumors a.o. Also in the diagnostics of cerebrovascular disease including transient ischemic attacks, the EEG-mapping and/or EP-mapping are useful within the total diagnostics. There is a similar situation in the diagnostics of degenerative brain disorders. But the significance of frequently described changes inpsychoses, partly also neuroses and other functional disorders is not clear. Altogether, this non-invasive, economically most favourable method for the functional imaging procedures in brain diagnostics is promising to extent the routine diagnostics also to a more precise manner. 相似文献
885.
The study describes the sulcal and gyral topography, variability, and left-right asymmetry of the parietal operculum. Eighty postmortem hemispheres as well as sagittal magnetic resonance images from 20 health volunteers (40 hemispheres) were evaluated. Four different types of parietal opercular sulcus topography were recognized. Most frequently, and conforming with the anatomic "textbook pattern", the inferior postcentral sulcus (POCS) is the sulcus anterior to the posterior ascending ramus (PAR) of the Sylvian fissure (type 1). Variations were the following: lack of a PAR (type 2), interposition of an intermediate opercular sulcus and gyrus between PAR and POCS (type 3), and direct transition of PAR into POCS with subsequent lack of a classical supramarginal gyrus (type 4). Inconstancy of the sulcal standard arrangement was especially pronounced among left hemispheres, where the patterns differed from type 1 in one third of the cases. Types 2 and 3 were significantly more frequent in left hemispheres, whereas type 4 occurred significantly more frequently in right hemispheres. Upon intraindividual left-right comparison, a remarkable 38% of the brains showed gross asymmetry of the parietal opercular sulcus patterns, characterized by a left type 2 or 3 and/or a right type 4; another 5% exhibited a reverse type of asymmetry. The findings supplement previous data on gross variability and left-right asymmetry of the posterior Sylvian fissure and its lower bank. They indicate that the Sylvian fissure is an unreliable landmark with respect to inferior parietal structures especially in left hemispheres. Individual mapping of perisylvian topography may contribute to studies on structural-functional relationship. 相似文献
886.
Modulation of baseline behavior in rats by putative serotonergic agents in three ethoexperimental paradigms 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
D Kshama H J Hrishikeshavan R Shanbhogue U S Munonyedi 《Behavioral and neural biology》1990,54(3):234-253
The present study adopts an ethoexperimental approach to examine the deportment subsequent to alteration in serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission following treatment with site-specific neuropharmacological probes. The impact of perturbation in (5-HT) neurotransmission on baseline behavior was analyzed employing three animal models of anxiety, i.e., hole-board, elevated plus maze, and bright/dark arena. Inbred male rats (Wistar strain, weighing between 150 and 200 g) were used in this study. The vivarium and the behavioral laboratory were specially designed to permit operation of reversed light-dark cycle and all experiments were performed during the dark period. Pharmacological tools selected to influence 5-HT levels include (1) a combination of tranylcypromine and tryptophan (TCP + TRYPT) (0.75 mg/kg + 40 mg/kg) which augments 5-HT biosynthesis; (2) p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA: 200 mg/kg), an inhibitor of 5-HT biosynthesis; and (3) 5-HT reuptake blockers, namely zimelidine (ZIM) (40 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (FLU) (10 mg/kg). Rats under the influence of PCPA exhibited anxiolytic response, whereas those under treatments to raise 5-HT levels, viz., TCP + TRYPT, ZIM and FLU, displayed anxiogenic-like reactions. Several other agents known to specifically interact with 5-HT receptor subtypes were also tested. 5-HT2 receptor stimulants, such as quipazine (5 mg/kg) and MK 212 (0.5 mg/kg), were found to be anxiogenic. Buspirone (2 mg/kg), a 5-HT1 agonist, surmounted normal behavioral inhibition. However, another 5-HT1 stimulant, 8-OH-DPAT (0.025 mg/kg), had anxiogenic action. Pretreatment with 5-HT3 antagonists [zacopride (2 mg/kg) and GR 38032F (0.1 mg/kg)] and putative 5-HT1 antagonist [propranolol (10 mg/kg)] resulted in borderline disinhibition of normal behavioral inhibition to novel environments. In contrast, cyproheptadine (0.5 mg/kg), a 5-HT2 antagonist, provoked anxiogenic-like behavior. Altogether, uniform results were obtained for each probe in all the three models, suggesting that the battery of anxiety tests chosen in this study is reliable and sensitive to detect unknown pharmacological responses. The results support the hypothesis that stimulation of serotonergic neurotransmission heightens normal anxiety, whereas its blockade releases normal behavioral inhibition. Furthermore, this work establishes the validity of using the three paradigms in evaluating the involvement of multiple neurotransmitter receptors in the control of behavior of rodents under natural circumstances and also detects any aberration following exposure to novelty and stress. 相似文献
887.
A quantitative study of dendrite complexity in selected areas of the human cerebral cortex 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This study seeks relationships between the degree of dendrite complexity of four areas of the human cerebral cortex and the type of function subserved by those areas. Quantitative studies of basilar dendrite patterns in the trunk and hand-finger receptive zones of areas 3 and 1, superior gyrus of the prefrontal cortex (area 9), and supramarginal gyrus (area 39) of the parietal lobe, in the left hemisphere of 10 subjects are reported. Measurements of dendrite complexity were based on the Sholl method of counting dendrite intersections with a series of superimposed concentric rings centered on the middle of the neuron soma. The data were analyzed graphically to show (1) characteristic dendrite profiles generated by cells in each of these areas, (2) comparisons between dendrite systems of two paired areas, i.e., trunk vs. hand-finger, and hand-finger vs. supramarginal, and (3) cumulative dendrite-ring intersection patterns for all areas studied. The data provided only partial support for our working hypothesis suggesting a relationship between complexity of the dendrite arbor and the nature of the computational tasks performed by the area. However, complexity of dendrite systems in the trunk area was found to be generally less than that of any other. In addition, there were suggestive associations between the complexity of dendrite systems of the hand-finger zone of the primary sensory receptive area and the nature of the work with which the individual had been associated during his/her working life. It proved more difficult to discern relationships between structure and function in the cortical associative areas. The study underlines the large degree of interindividual variation in dendrite structure and the need for much more extensive information about the life history of individuals who serve as subjects for this type of study. 相似文献
888.
Patterns of self-initiated smoking cessation among young adults 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Prochaska and DiClemente's (1984) cyclic-stage model of self-initiated smoking cessation divides the cessation process into five stages. This model was applied to a young adult population to determine the cross-sectional distribution of stages and the frequency and pattern of changes among stages over time. Compared to older adults, the distribution of the stages differed substantially: There were twice as many relapsers and only half as many maintainers among young adults. One-year changes in stages were examined using a static model, which did not take into account the cyclic nature of the change process, and a more realistic dynamic model, which did. Both models, especially the dynamic model, suggested substantially more movement among stages in younger than in older adults. 相似文献
889.
H U J?hnig 《Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und medizinische Psychologie》1988,40(11):665-670
An example of a group of offenders of sexual motivated criminal homicides is the relationship of as well social- sexual developments of offenders, victim properties, preacted interactions between perpetrator and victim as the crime discussed. At this dominate following facts of offender: an undifferentiated aggressive sexuality with a decreasing intelligence, social outstanding and disturbed social adaptability and great portion of sexual preactivities. The childlike victim is the compensation for adult women. The attack takes place with sexual excitation and by the situation opportune facts, an escalation of defence and increasing of excitation of the offender up to the homicide. 相似文献
890.
R Matthes U Bauer R Both G Mühlau 《Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und medizinische Psychologie》1987,39(3):169-172
We examined the H-reflex-index of triceps surae muscle (HI) and the motor nerve conduction velocity of the tibial nerve (mNLG) of 56 alcohol dependent patients. The results were compared with neurologic disorders, duration of the dependency and the type of alcoholism according to Jellinek. The HI showed significant more pathological changes than the mNLG. 相似文献