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171.
Schubö A Schlaghecken F Meinecke C 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2001,27(4):919-931
Although traditionally texture segmentation has been regarded as an automatic, preattentive process, participants confronted with texture segmentation in experimental settings (i.e., with brief presentation time and subsequent masking) are initially unable to perform the task. According to perceptual learning concepts, participants must learn to fine-tune their sensory channels before perception improves under restricted viewing conditions. The present article proposes an alternative perspective that emphasizes the role of the mask. Four experiments showed that the amount of observed learning depends on the structural and temporal homogeneity or heterogeneity of the mask. The authors suggest that learning consists of separating the task-relevant signal stemming from the texture from the task-irrelevant signal of the mask and of ignoring the mask. 相似文献
172.
Willcutt EG Hartung CM Lahey BB Loney J Pelham WE 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1999,27(6):463-472
This study examines the clinical utility of behavior ratings made by nonclinician examiners during assessments of preschool children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). Matched samples of children with (n = 127) and without (n = 125) AD/HD were utilized to test the internal, convergent, concurrent, and incremental validity of ratings completed by examiners on the Hillside Behavior Rating Scale (HBRS). Results indicated that HBRS ratings were internally consistent, possessed sufficient interrater reliability, and were significantly associated with parent and teacher reports of AD/HD when controlling for age, gender, intelligence, and symptoms of other psychopathology. HBRS ratings also were significantly associated with other measures of functioning, and provided a significant increment in the prediction of impairment over parent and teacher report alone. These findings suggest that behavioral ratings during testing provide a unique source of clinical information that may be useful as a supplement to parent and teacher reports. 相似文献
173.
174.
The influence of defensivity, measured by validity scales of personality inventories (MMPI-K, FPI-R, GIESSEN-Test) on test results and psychotherapy outcome was studied in 309 patients treated with inpatient client-centered therapy. In general, psychotherapy patients exhibited low defensivity. 25% of patients, who denied psychopathology at admission, did so at discharge and to some extent at follow-up, demonstrating an ”especially good outcome” (means). Relative improvement (effect sizes), however, was significantly diminished in psychopathology scales and significantly enlarged in validity scales. – Results are discussed with regard to prior hypotheses about the influence of defensivity. 相似文献
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176.
Surprisingly, Bartlett's (1932) famous repeated reproduction experiments, in which he found systematically increasing errors in recall from the same people tested over time, have never been successfully replicated. Several studies have attempted partial replications, which were unsuccessful, and their authors concluded that the original observations might not be replicable. We conducted a study modeled closely after Bartlett's procedures: Subjects studied "The War of the Ghosts," took an initial test 15 min later, and then took a delayed test after 1 week. A follow-up test was conducted 6 months later on as many subjects as could be obtained. We did replicate Bartlett's results, in that (1) subjects forgot the story over delays but (2) introduced rationalization and distortion into their accounts of the story, with increases in the proportion of material distorted as retention interval increased. Subjects also imported new propositions at long delays, further confirming Bartlett's empirical observations and conclusions. Bartlett's repeated reproduction results can be replicated. 相似文献
177.
The present paper studies a specific way of addressing the question whether the laws involving the basic constituents of nature
are statistical. While most German physicists, above all Planck, treated the issues of determinism and causality within a
Kantian framework, the tradition which I call Vienna Indeterminism began from Mach’s reinterpretation of causality as functional
dependence. This severed the bond between causality and realism because one could no longer avail oneself of a priori categories
as a criterion for empirical reality. Hence, an independent reality criterion had to be sought, a problem which all three
physicists to be studied solved in different ways that were mainly conditioned by their different concepts of probability.
In order to prevent a dissipation of intuited facts, Mach had to resort to a principle of unique determination as his reality
criterion, especially when discussing the Principle of Least Action. Giving theories more independence, Boltzmann understood
atomism as property reduction to precisely defined theoretical entities and their interactions. While this served as a relative
reality criterion, he also advocated a constructivist one because atomism was already implied by our finitary reasoning power.
Finally, Exner contemplated the idea that all apparently deterministic laws are only a macroscopic limit of an irreducible
indeterminism, because by adopting the frequency interpretation, observable collectives could be considered as the real basic
entities.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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180.
Erik M. Benau Sabrina C. Gregersen Paul D. Siakaluk Aminda J. O'Hare Eric K. Johnson 《Cognition & emotion》2018,32(4):691-708
Previous research has found that more embodied insults (e.g. numbskull) are identified faster and more accurately than less embodied insults (e.g. idiot). The linguistic processing of embodied compliments has not been well explored. In the present study, participants completed two tasks where they identified insults and compliments, respectively. Half of the stimuli were more embodied than the other half. We examined the late positive potential (LPP) component of event-related potentials in early (400–500?ms), middle (500–600?ms), and late (600–700?ms) time windows. Increased embodiment resulted in improved response accuracy to compliments in both tasks, whereas it only improved accuracy for insults in the compliment detection task. More embodied stimuli elicited a larger LPP than less embodied stimuli in the early time window. Insults generated a larger LPP in the late time window in the insult task; compliments generated a larger LPP in the early window in the compliment task. These results indicate that electrophysiological correlates of emotional language perception are sensitive to both top-down and bottom-up processes. 相似文献