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141.
Calderón-Tena CO Knight GP Carlo G 《Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology》2011,17(1):98-106
This study investigates the role of familism values in fostering socialization experiences that promote prosocial behavioral tendencies among Mexican American adolescents. Two hundred and four Mexican American mothers and their adolescent children (104 girls, age M = 10.91 years) completed measures of familism values, prosocial parenting practices, and prosocial behavioral tendencies. Structural equation modeling tests indicated that mothers' familism values are related to parenting behaviors that promote prosocial behavioral tendencies, which in turn are related to adolescents' perception of prosocial parenting practices. Furthermore, adolescents' perception of prosocial parenting practices is related to familism values and prosocial behavior tendencies. Last, the relation between adolescents' perception of prosocial parenting practices and prosocial behavioral tendencies is partially mediated by familism values. These findings are consistent with the theoretical suggestion that the transmission of traditional familism values may serve as a social medium through which prosocial behavioral tendencies are fostered among Mexican American adolescents. 相似文献
142.
Recent research on anagram solution has produced two original findings. First, it has shown that a new bigram frequency measure
called top rank, which is based on a comparison of summed bigram frequencies, is an important predictor of anagram difficulty. Second, it
has suggested that the measures from a type count are better than token measures at predicting anagram difficulty.Testing
these hypotheses has been difficult because the computation of the bigram statistics is difficult. We present a program that
calculates bigram measures for two-to nine-letter words. We then show how the program can be used to compare the contribution
of top rank and other bigram frequency measures derived from both a token and a type count. Contrary to previous research,
we report that type measures are not better at predicting anagram solution times and that top rank is not the best predictor
of anagram difficulty. Lastly we use this program to show that type bigram frequencies are not as good as token bigram frequencies
at predicting word identification reaction time. 相似文献
143.
We report the results of a cross-cultural investigation of person-body reasoning in the United Kingdom and northern Brazilian Amazon (Marajó Island). The study provides evidence that directly bears upon divergent theoretical claims in cognitive psychology and anthropology, respectively, on the cognitive origins and cross-cultural incidence of mind-body dualism. In a novel reasoning task, we found that participants across the two sample populations parsed a wide range of capacities similarly in terms of the capacities' perceived anchoring to bodily function. Patterns of reasoning concerning the respective roles of physical and biological properties in sustaining various capacities did vary between sample populations, however. Further, the data challenge prior ad-hoc categorizations in the empirical literature on the developmental origins of and cognitive constraints on psycho-physical reasoning (e.g., in afterlife concepts). We suggest cross-culturally validated categories of "Body Dependent" and "Body Independent" items for future developmental and cross-cultural research in this emerging area. 相似文献
144.
145.
I provide a method of measuring the inconsistency of a set of sentences – from 1-consistency, corresponding to complete consistency, to 0-consistency, corresponding to the explicit presence of a contradiction. Using this notion to analyze the lottery paradox, one can see that the set of sentences capturing the paradox has a high degree of consistency (assuming, of course, a sufficiently large lottery). The measure of consistency, however, is not limited to paradoxes. I also provide results for general sets of sentences. 相似文献
146.
Roberts NA Beer JS Werner KH Scabini D Levens SM Knight RT Levenson RW 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2004,4(3):307-316
Damage to the orbital prefrontal cortex has been implicated in selectively diminishing electrodermal autonomic nervous system
responses to anticipated punishing stimuli (e.g., losing money; Bechara, Damasio, & Damasio, 2000), but not to unanticipated
punishing stimuli (e.g., loud noises; Damasio, Tranel, & Damasio, 1990). We extended this research by examining the effects
of orbitofrontal damage on emotional responses to unanticipated and anticipated acoustic startles and collecting a more extensive
set of physiological measures, emotional facial behavior, and self-reported emotional experience. Consistent with previous
research, patients showed intact physiology to an unanticipated startle but failed to show appropriate anticipatory cardiovascular
responses (patients’ heart rates decreased, controls’ increased). In addition, patients displayed more surprise facial behavior
and reported marginally more fear than did controls in response to the unanticipated startle. Thus, orbitofrontal damage may
compromise the ability to anticipate physiologically the onset of aversive stimuli, despite intact or enhanced emotional responses
when such stimuli occur unexpectedly. 相似文献
147.
Mood congruence effects have long been studied in younger adults, but not in older adults. Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) suggests that mood congruence could operate differently in older adults. One hundred and nineteen younger and 78 older adults were randomly assigned to sad or neutral mood inductions, using combined Velten and music induction procedures. Results indicated that during sad mood induction both older and younger adults showed enhanced recall of sad words on delayed word list recall task and in autobiographical memory. However, only older adults displayed mood congruence effects on lexical ambiguity and lower recall of positive words in the word list task. Results provided partial support for developmental effects on mood congruence derived from SST. 相似文献
148.
Thompson-Schill SL Jonides J Marshuetz C Smith EE D'Esposito M Kan IP Knight RT Swick D 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2002,2(2):109-120
Working memory is hypothesized to comprise a collection of distinct components or processes, each of which may have a unique neural substrate. Recent neuroimaging studies have isolated a region of the left inferior frontal gyrus that appears to be related specifically to one such component: resolving interference from previous items in working memory. In the present study, we examined working memory in patients with unilateral frontal lobe lesions by using a modified version of an item recognition task in which interference from previous trials was manipulated. In particular, we focused on patient R.C., whose lesion uniquely impinged on the region identified in the neuroimaging studies of interference effects. We measured baseline working memory performance and interference effects in R.C. and other frontal patients and in age-matched control subjects and young control subjects. Comparisons of each of these groups supported the following conclusions. Normal aging is associated with changes to both working memory and interference effects. Patients with frontal damage exhibited further declines in working memory but normal interference effects, with the exception of R.C., who exhibited a pronounced interference effect on both response time and accuracy. We propose that the left inferior frontal gyrus subserves a general, nonmnemonic function of selecting relevant information in the face of competing alternatives and that this function may be required by some working memory tasks. 相似文献
149.
150.
The regulatory function of self-conscious emotion: insights from patients with orbitofrontal damage 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Beer JS Heerey EA Keltner D Scabini D Knight RT 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2003,85(4):594-604
Although once considered disruptive, self-conscious emotions are now theorized to be fundamentally involved in the regulation of social behavior. The present study examined the social regulation function of self-conscious emotions by comparing healthy participants with a neuropsychological population--patients with orbitofrontal lesions--characterized by selective regulatory deficits. Orbitofrontal patients and healthy controls participated in a series of tasks designed to assess their social regulation and self-conscious emotions. Another task assessed the ability to infer others' emotional states, an appraisal process involved in self-conscious emotion. Consistent with the theory that self-conscious emotions are important for regulating social behavior, the findings show that deficient behavioral regulation is associated with inappropriate self-conscious emotions that reinforce maladaptive behavior. Additionally, deficient behavioral regulation is associated with impairments in interpreting the self-conscious emotions of others. 相似文献