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51.
The science and faith debate is dominated by Western voices. In order to enrich this debate, the authors study the discourses of different groups of Christian academics and master's students in francophone Africa. This article describes the process of reconstructing and analyzing the discourse of a group of master's students from Abidjan (Ivory Coast) with the help of group model building and focus groups. Three characteristic features that emerge from this discourse include the foundational position of faith, the central role of truth, and the ambiguous connotations of the term “science” in this context. The reconstructed discourse is then brought into conversation with the North Atlantic debate, with a special focus on the concept of scientism. 相似文献
52.
Work with ‘multi‐stressed’ families is often overwhelming for therapists. This is partly due to the frustrating experiences these families have had which contributes to an attitude of distrust towards the outside world. The authors describe methods used in the Netherlands to engage these families in treatment. These methods include home visits, collaborative practice and respect for the resources that the families already have. 相似文献
53.
Wismeijer AA Sijtsma K van Assen MA Vingerhoets AJ 《Journal of personality assessment》2008,90(4):323-334
We discuss and contrast 2 methods for investigating the dimensionality of data from tests and questionnaires: the popular principal components analysis (PCA) and the more recent Mokken scale analysis (MSA; Mokken, 1971). First, we discuss the theoretical similarities and differences between both methods. Then, we use both methods to analyze data collected by means of Larson and Chastain's (1990) Self-Concealment Scale (SCS). We present the different results and highlight the instances in which the methods complement one another so as to obtain a stronger result than would be obtained using only 1 method. Finally, we discuss the implications of the results for the dimensionality of the SCS and provide recommendations for both the further development of the SCS and the future use of PCA and MSA in personality research. 相似文献
54.
If one formulates Helmholtz’s ideas about perception in terms of modern-day theories one arrives at a model of perceptual
inference and learning that can explain a remarkable range of neurobiological facts. Using constructs from statistical physics
it can be shown that the problems of inferring what cause our sensory inputs and learning causal regularities in the sensorium
can be resolved using exactly the same principles. Furthermore, inference and learning can proceed in a biologically plausible
fashion. The ensuing scheme rests on Empirical Bayes and hierarchical models of how sensory information is generated. The
use of hierarchical models enables the brain to construct prior expectations in a dynamic and context-sensitive fashion. This
scheme provides a principled way to understand many aspects of the brain’s organisation and responses. In this paper, we suggest
that these perceptual processes are just one emergent property of systems that conform to a free-energy principle. The free-energy
considered here represents a bound on the surprise inherent in any exchange with the environment, under expectations encoded
by its state or configuration. A system can minimise free-energy by changing its configuration to change the way it samples
the environment, or to change its expectations. These changes correspond to action and perception, respectively, and lead
to an adaptive exchange with the environment that is characteristic of biological systems. This treatment implies that the
system’s state and structure encode an implicit and probabilistic model of the environment. We will look at models entailed
by the brain and how minimisation of free-energy can explain its dynamics and structure. 相似文献
55.
56.
Change scores obtained in pretest–posttest designs are important for evaluating treatment effectiveness and for assessing change of individual test scores in psychological research. However, over the years the use of change scores has raised much controversy. In this article, from a multilevel perspective, we provide a structured treatise on several persistent negative beliefs about change scores and show that these beliefs originated from the confounding of the effects of within-person change on change-score reliability and between-person change differences. We argue that psychometric properties of change scores, such as reliability and measurement precision, should be treated at suitable levels within a multilevel framework. We show that, if examined at the suitable levels with such a framework, the negative beliefs about change scores can be renounced convincingly. Finally, we summarize the conclusions about change scores to dispel the myths and to promote the potential and practical usefulness of change scores. 相似文献
57.
58.
Browne provided a method for finding a solution to the normal equations derived by Mosier for rotating a factor matrix to
a best least squares fit with a specified structure. Cramer showed that Browne's solution is not always valid, and proposed
a modified algorithm. Both Browne and Cramer assumed the factor matrix to be of full rank. In this paper a general solution
is derived, which takes care of rank deficient factor matrices as well. A new algorithm is offered. 相似文献
59.
Scalability coefficients play an important role in Mokken scale analysis. For a set of items, scalability coefficients have
been defined for each pair of items, for each individual item, and for the entire scale. Hypothesis testing with respect to
these scalability coefficients has not been fully developed. This study introduces marginal modelling as a framework to derive
the standard errors for the scaling coefficients and test hypotheses about these coefficients. Several examples demonstrate
the possibilities of marginal modelling in Mokken scale analysis. These possibilities include testing whether Mokken’s criteria
for a scale are satisfied, testing whether scalability coefficients of different items are equal, and testing whether scalability
coefficients are equal across different groups. 相似文献
60.
This is a reaction to Borsboom's (2006) discussion paper on the issue that psychology takes so little notice of the modern
developments in psychometrics, in particular, latent variable methods. Contrary to Borsboom, it is argued that latent variables
are summaries of interesting data properties, that construct validation should involve studying nomological networks, that
psychological research slowly but definitely will incorporate latent variable methods, and that the role of psychometrics
in psychology is that of partner, not role model.
Requests for reprints should be sent to Klaas Sijtsma, Department of Methodology and Statistics, FSW, Tilburg University,
PO Box 90153, 5000 LE, Tilburg, The Netherlands. 相似文献