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81.
Sven Ove Hansson 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2010,13(5):585-593
In the last half century, decision theory has had a deep influence on moral theory. Its impact has largely been beneficial.
However, it has also given rise to some problems, two of which are discussed here. First, issues such as risk-taking and risk
imposition have been left out of ethics since they are believed to belong to decision theory, and consequently the ethical
aspects of these issues have not been treated in either discipline. Secondly, ethics has adopted the decision-theoretical
idea that action-guidance has to be based on cause–effect or means–ends relationships between an individual action and its
possible outcomes. This is problematic since the morally relevant connections between an action and future events are not
fully covered by such relationships. In response to the first problem it is proposed that moral theory should deal directly
and extensively with issues such as risk-taking and risk imposition, thereby intruding unabashedly into the traditional territory
of decision theory. As a partial response to the second problem it is proposed that moral theorizing should release itself
from the decision-theoretical requirement that the moral status of an action has to be derivable from the consequences (or
other properties) that are assignable to that action alone. In particular, the effects that an action can have in combination
with other actions by the same or other agents are valid arguments in an action-guiding moral discourse, even if its contribution
to these combined consequences cannot be isolated and evaluated separately. 相似文献
82.
E. Layne Paddock Jaewon Ko Russell Cropanzano Jessica Bagger Assâad El Akremi Julie Camerman Gary J. Greguras Antonio Mladinic Carolina Moliner Kidok Nam Kjell Törnblom Kees Van den Bos 《决策行为杂志》2015,28(2):167-175
The present study examines the congruence of individuals' minimum preferred amounts of voice with the prospect theory value function across nine countries. Accounting for previously ignored minimum preferred amounts of voice and actual voice amounts integral to testing the steepness of gain and loss functions explicated in prospect theory, we use curve fitting to show that ratings of procedural justice fit prospect theory's value function specifically. Further, we investigate the form of this function across nine countries that range in power distance. Results suggest that the form of the value function is congruent with prospect theory, showing an S‐shaped curve that is steeper in the loss than in the gain domain. Further, this pattern is similar across countries. Theoretical and practical implications of these results for both decision making and organizational justice are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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86.
Svein Tvedt Johansen Marcus Selart Kjell Grønhaug 《Journal of applied social psychology》2013,43(6):1185-1199
This paper seeks to expand our understanding of initial trust by looking at how variation in risk influences the nature of trust and the process of initial trust formation. Four hypotheses were tested in two experiments involving participants with and without work experience. A first hypothesis suggested a positive relationship between a general propensity to trust and initial trust; a second hypothesis, a negative relationship between risk and initial trust; whereas a third hypothesis posited that risk would increase the importance participants place on benevolence and integrity. A fourth hypothesis suggested that risk would have a positive and moderating influence on the effect of out‐of‐role behavior when presented after role‐conformant in‐role behavior. Findings are presented and discussed and practical implications suggested. 相似文献
87.
Sven Ove Hansson 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2013,8(3):498
Philosophy has to be communicable in language, and therefore, whatever it has to say must be expressible in (some) language. But in order to make progress, philosophy has to gradually extend and improve its terminological apparatus. It is argued that logical formalization is a highly useful tool for discovering and confirming distinctions that are not present in ordinary language or in pre-existing philosophical terminology. In particular, it is proposed that if two usages of a word require different logical formalizations, then that is a strong reason to distinguish between them also in informal philosophy. The distinction between two types of normative conditionals, conditional veritable norms and conditional normative rules, is used as an example to corroborate this proposal. 相似文献
88.
Although stability is a central notion in several academic disciplines, the parallelsremain unexplored since previous discussions of the concept have been almostexclusively subject-specific. In the literature we have found three basic conceptsof stability, that we call constancy, robustness, and resilience. They are all foundin both the natural and the social sciences. To analyze the three concepts we introducea general formal framework in which stability relates to transitions between states. Itcan then be shown that robustness is a limiting case of resilience, whereas neitherconstancy nor resilience can be defined in terms of the other. Hence, there are twobasic concepts of stability, both of which are used in both the social and the naturalsciences. This congruence in the concepts of stability is of particular interest forendeavours to construct models that represent both natural and social phenomena. 相似文献
89.
Tobias Hansson Wahlberg 《Axiomathes》2011,21(4):507-529
This paper asks whether persistence can be a matter of convention. It argues that in a rather unexciting de dicto sense persistence
is indeed a matter of convention, but it rejects the notion that persistence can be a matter of convention in a more substantial
de re sense. However, scenarios can be imagined that appear to involve conventional persistence of the latter kind. Since
there are strong reasons for thinking that such conventionality is impossible, it is desirable that our metaphysical-cum-semantic
theories of persistence be able to account for such scenarios in terms of conventions of the first kind. Later parts of the
article therefore investigate whether three of the currently most influential metaphysical-cum-semantic theories of persistence—the
endurance theory, the stage theory, and the perdurance theory—can do this. Fortunately, for them, it turns out that all can,
though some philosophers have disputed this. However, when we ask how they account for a typical case of “conventional persistence”
some problematic features of the theories—having to do with reference, persistence conditions, how they relate, and the epistemology
of persistence—are revealed. 相似文献
90.
Most couples therapy theories are developed and tested in the USA. In this clinical study, we investigated such therapies in a Swedish context. Over 300 couples were enrolled in the study of whom just under half completed the end‐of‐treatment assessment and just over 40 per cent a two‐year follow‐up. At the start, the study group displayed severe problems in marital adjustment, dyadic interactions and psychiatric symptoms. A relatively short treatment was used and 50 per cent of the couples attended less than nine sessions. Outcomes of treatment showed significant improvements in relationship matters, individual mental health and enhanced coping abilities. At long‐term follow‐up, all results remained the same and in some aspects improved for both sexes. This study confirms the effectiveness of such therapies in a Swedish context. 相似文献