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171.
Luca Bonini Pier Francesco Ferrari Leonardo Fogassi 《Consciousness and cognition》2013,22(3):1095-1104
Philosophical and neuroscientific investigation on intentional actions focused on several different aspects, making difficult to define what should be meant with the concept of intention. Most of our everyday actions are constituted by complex and finely organized motor sequences, planned and executed in order to attain a desired final goal. In this paper, we will identify the final goal of the action as the motor intention of the acting individual. First, we will review the relative contribution of the vast neuroscientific literature on the role of different cortical areas in the organization of goal-directed movement. In particular, we will describe recent data on the cortical organization of natural action sequences, showing that this organization could be at the basis not only of our capacity of acting intentionally, but also of our ability to understand the motor intentions underlying others’ behaviour which is crucial during social interactions. 相似文献
172.
Transracial adoptees bridging heritage and national cultures: Parental socialisation,ethnic identity and self‐esteem
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Laura Ferrari Sonia Ranieri Daniela Barni Rosa Rosnati 《International journal of psychology》2015,50(6):413-421
Transracial adoptees represent a specific group of immigrants who experience unique immigration processes that bring them face‐to‐face with two cultural backgrounds: that of their heritage culture on one hand and that of their national culture on the other hand. However, there is a scarcity of studies focused on the way these processes unfold within adoptive families. This study was aimed at exploring how transracial adoptees cope with the construction of their ethnic identity. Administering a self‐report questionnaire to 127 transracial adoptees and their mothers, for a total of 254 participants, we first investigated the association between mothers' cultural socialisation (enculturation and preparation for bias strategies) and adoptees' ethnic identity (i.e. ethnic identity exploration and ethnic identity affirmation dimensions). We then investigated whether ethnic identity affects self‐esteem by testing the hypothesis that national identity moderates the relationship between ethnic identity and self‐esteem. Results revealed that mothers' enculturation (but not their preparation for bias) supported adoptees' ethnic identity exploration, which in turn was positively associated with ethnic identity affirmation. Moreover, we confirmed the moderation effect: ethnic identity affirmation enhanced the level of self‐esteem, but only for those adoptees who perceived a higher degree of national identity affirmation. 相似文献
173.
Annika Paukner Elizabeth A. Simpson Pier F. Ferrari Timothy Mrozek Stephen J. Suomi 《Developmental science》2014,17(6):833-840
In human infants, neonatal imitation and preferences for eyes are both associated with later social and communicative skills, yet the relationship between these abilities remains unexplored. Here we investigated whether neonatal imitation predicts facial viewing patterns in infant rhesus macaques. We first assessed infant macaques for lipsmacking (a core affiliative gesture) and tongue protrusion imitation in the first week of life. When infants were 10–28 days old, we presented them with an animated macaque avatar displaying a still face followed by lipsmacking or tongue protrusion movements. Using eye tracking technology, we found that macaque infants generally looked equally at the eyes and mouth during gesture presentation, but only lipsmacking‐imitators showed significantly more looking at the eyes of the neutral still face. These results suggest that neonatal imitation performance may be an early measure of social attention biases and might potentially facilitate the identification of infants at risk for atypical social development. 相似文献
174.
When working memory updating requires updating: Analysis of serial position in a running memory task
This study aimed to investigate updating in working memory (WM), analyzing the effects of task demand and memory resources on serial position curve (SPC), in a running memory task with slow pace presentation and a probed recognition procedure. These task conditions were supposed to produce an easier WM updating task, which may allow evidencing whether the task is performed through an active or a passive updating. 相似文献
175.
A fundamental prerequisite for prey to avoid being captured is the ability to distinguish dangerous stimuli such as predators
and risky habitats from non-dangerous stimuli such as non-predators and safe locations. Most research to date has focused
on mechanisms allowing prey to learn to recognize risky stimuli. The paradox of learned predator recognition is that its remarkable
efficiency leaves room for potentially costly mistakes if prey inadvertently learn to recognize non-predatory species as dangerous.
Here, we pre-exposed embryonic woodfrogs, Rana sylvatica, to the odour of a tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, without risk reinforcement, and later try to teach the tadpoles to recognize the salamander, a red-bellied newt Cynops pyrrhogaster—a closely related amphibian, or a goldfish, Carassius
auratus, as a predator. Tadpoles were then tested for their responses to salamander, newt or fish odour. Pre-exposure to salamander
did not affect the ability of tadpoles to learn to recognize goldfish as a predator. However, the embryonic pre-exposure to
salamanders inhibited the subsequent learning of salamanders as a potential predator, through a mechanism known as latent
inhibition. The embryonic pre-exposure also prevented the learned recognition of novel newts, indicating complete generalization
of non-predator recognition. This pattern does not match that of generalization of predator recognition, whereby species learning
to recognize a novel predator do respond, but not as strongly, to novel species closely related to the known predator. The
current paper discusses the costs of making recognition mistakes within the context of generalization of predators and dangerous
habitats versus generalization of non-predators and safe habitats and highlights the asymmetry in which amphibians incorporate
information related to safe versus risky cues in their decision-making. Mechanisms such as latent inhibition allow a variety
of prey species to collect information about non-threatening stimuli, as early as during their embryonic development, and
to use this information later in life to infer the danger level associated with the stimuli. 相似文献
176.
Laura Nota Salvatore Soresi Lea Ferrari Micheal L. Wehmeyer 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2011,12(2):245-266
Self-determination is a general psychological construct within the organizing structure of theories of human agentic behavior.
People who are self-determined act volitionally to serve as the causal agent in their lives. To provide a fuller understanding
of the self-determination of adolescents, this study collected data on self-determination, quality of life, self-efficacy,
and assertiveness for more than 1,400 Italian adolescents. We conducted a series of Multivariate Analyses of Variance to examine
the relationships among, differences between, and associations with self-determination, including any differences as a function
of age and gender as well as differences in quality of life, self-efficacy, and assertiveness as a function of level of selfdetermination.
We also examined which quality of life factors were associated with enhanced self-determination and self-efficacy. Findings
support the importance of self-determination to quality of life and enhanced self-efficacy. 相似文献
177.
Upon stimulation, real time maps of cortical hemodynamic responses can be obtained by non-invasive functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) which measures changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin after positioning multiple sources and detectors over the human scalp. The current commercially available transportable fNIRS systems have a time resolution of 1-10 Hz, a depth sensitivity of about 1.5 cm, and a spatial resolution of about 1 cm. The goal of this brief review is to report infants, children and adults fNIRS language studies. Since 1998, 60 studies have been published on cortical activation in the brain’s classic language areas in children/adults as well as newborns using fNIRS instrumentations of different complexity. In addition, the basic principles of fNIRS including features, strengths, advantages, and limitations are summarized in terms that can be understood even by non specialists. Future prospects of fNIRS in the field of language processing imaging are highlighted. 相似文献
178.
Female mice of strains selectively bred for aggressiveness or nonaggressiveness were injected with testosterone propionate (TF′) at the age of 2 days and as adults, or they were injected as adults only. Aggressive and sexual behavior was then tested with female, receptive female, and male partners before, during, and after the latter TP treatment. The females that had received both TP treatments displayed as much or as little aggression as males of the same strain, leading to the conclusion that aggressiveness genes are not linked with the male sex chromosome, even though they depend on it for their expression. The sexual behavior of the females of both strains that had received both TP treatments was altered to the male type. In the females of the aggressive strain even adult treatment alone was sufficient for this change. Aggressiveness and male sexual behavior would seem to be determined separately, although aggressiveness facilitates the display of male sexual behavior. 相似文献
179.
180.