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411.
Thomas Fritsch Janet D. Larsen Kathleen A. Smyth 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(4):394-416
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the role of adolescent IQ (AIQ) and gender in older adults' ability to use cognitive support to enhance memory. Subjects were 269 mid-1940s graduates of the same high school. Adolescent IQ scores were gathered from archives, and subjects' memory for words was tested with tasks that provided increasing cognitive support. Overall, subjects benefited from support; women recalled more words than men; and persons with a high AIQ remembered more words than persons with a lower AIQ. However, while all subjects showed gains from cognitive support, men with a lower AIQ performed worse than men with a high AIQ. Women's performance was not dependent on their AIQ. Analysis of qualitative memory indicators suggested that women and persons with a high AIQ had better encoding and retrieval operations. Men with a lower AIQ appear to be particularly vulnerable to memory deficits in aging. This may be due to low “cognitive reserve” or generally poorer episodic memory function. 相似文献
412.
The authors start by critically discussing some core features of Western psychiatric diagnosis, and present the cultural formulation as one approach to ensure that the cultural aspects of the diagnostic process are addressed, followed by a summary of what is known about the causes of psychiatric disorder. Five arguments are presented that provide support for the importance of psychiatric disorders in Africa: prevalence rates are high; psychiatric disorder is associated with a considerable burden from disability; in most cases, adults with psychiatric disorders experienced the onset of their disorder in childhood or youth; psychiatric disorders are strongly associated with medical conditions; and effective interventions exist for the majority of people suffering from psychiatric disorders. Against this background, current mental health services in Africa are reviewed. Finally, some suggestions are provided for how those providing psychological interventions can contribute to addressing the challenges posed by psychiatric disorders in Africa. 相似文献
413.
The aim of this study was to obtain an “insiders' perspective” on the lived experience of Subclinical Eating Disorder (SED) in female university students. Participants were 30 white, undergraduate females from the Potchefstroom campus of the North-West University in South African, (age range 18 years 6 months to 22 years). Data were collected using focus group interviews, drawings, letter-writing and self-reflective researcher field notes (Brocki & Wearden, 2006; Morse, 2003). For the analysis, the constant comparative text analysis method (Willig, 2001) was used. Emergent themes from the analysis included four main categories namely: Intra-, Interpersonal, Existential and Body-image. Subcategories of these themes spanned the following: Personal Brokenness, Personal Shame, Perceived Personal Inadequacy and Enslavement, Existential Vacuum, Perceived Social Pressure, Perceived Social Isolation and Body-image Dysfunction. Results were indicative of underestimation of SED-severity, its detrimental impact on participants' psychological well-being and high risk for escalation into full-blown eating disorders. An integrated, risk-protective model of secondary prevention, contextualised within psycho-social developmental perspectives is essential to understand SED in young adults. 相似文献
414.
Jeroen Camps Jeroen Stouten Chloé Tuteleers Kirsten van Son 《Journal of applied social psychology》2014,44(2):87-93
Scents are omnipresent in our daily world and they are of great importance as represented by the use of perfumes or fragrances in the work environment. Even though it has been argued that bad scents invoke negative judgments, we argued and demonstrated that a bad body odor elicits feelings of pity in others (Experiment 1) and increases prosocial behavior (Experiment 2). Further, we showed that only if a person is not held accountable for his own body odor this elevated other's prosocial behavior (Experiment 3). These findings provide a novel perspective on the way human body odor affects our perceptions and consequent behaviors. 相似文献
415.
Kirsten Nielsen 《Studia Theologica》2013,67(2):184-197
This article argues that animal imagery – in combination with personal images of the deity – must be taken more seriously in studies of Old Testament theology. Bernhard Lang and Tryggve Mettinger are introduced as examples of scholars who distance themselves from the idea that the Israelites conceived of Yahweh in the figure of an animal. They have thereby contributed to the majority view among scholars that only the personal metaphors for Yahweh are worth taking seriously. As a counterweight to this, other scholars are quoted who have shown how the combination of human and animal, familiar from Egyptian religion, also appears in the Old Testament. This leads to the conclusion that through a dialogue between animal and personal images, it was possible for the biblical writers to formulate theologies in which God is not reduced to human imagery alone, as we can see among other things from the continued use in the New Testament of the lion image as well as the lamb image in Revelations. 相似文献
416.
417.
Cowal K Shinn M Weitzman BC Stojanovic D Labay L 《American journal of community psychology》2002,30(5):711-730
We examined the incidence, characteristics, and predictors of separations of children from mothers in 543 poor families receiving public assistance, 251 of whom had experienced homelessness during the previous 5 years. Forty-four percent of the homeless mothers and 8% of housed mothers were separated from one or more children. A total of 249 children were separated from 110 homeless families and 34 children from 23 housed families. Children were placed with relatives and in foster care but were rarely returned to their mothers. Maternal drug dependence, domestic violence, and institutionalization predicted separations, but homelessness was the most important predictor, equivalent in size to 1.9 other risk factors. We infer that policies regarding child welfare and substance abuse treatment should be changed to reduce unnecessary placements. Studies of homeless children who remain with families may be biased if separated children are excluded. 相似文献
418.
Eric J. Nuetzel Randy Larsen 《International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies》2012,9(1):4-22
Various factors could play a role in a patient's decision to leave treatment. This study asks whether patients who leave treatment before one year are different from those who stay beyond a year in open‐ended psychoanalytic psychotherapy, using a variety of experiential measures. Our data indicate that the personality trait of “openness” assessed at intake, correlates with staying in therapy, and that relationship factors as assessed by the patients during therapy correlate with staying in therapy at the beginning, at the average point of dropping out (before one year – average 31 weeks), and at the end of the study. These results indicate that the failure to engage in the therapeutic relationship is a salient factor in the phenomena of leaving before one year. Significant reductions in physical symptoms and other positive trends toward improvement do not emerge until such therapeutic engagement has occurred. We conclude that the personality trait of “openness,” and the quality of the therapeutic relationship significantly influence who will stay in open‐ended psychoanalytic psychotherapy and who will go. Those who stay in psychoanalytic psychotherapy beyond one year benefit more from the experience than those who leave. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
419.
In an interview study, we examined attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV). We examined whether attitudes toward IPV varied as a function of sample (student, general, and incarcerated), participant gender, and abuse history, or as a function of perpetrator gender. Additionally, participants' conflict‐resolution strategies were examined. Findings revealed that perpetrator gender and participant abuse history were the most influential factors in shaping attitudes. Males and females evaluated violence similarly. Overall, there was greater acceptance for abuse perpetrated by females than by males, and participants who had either perpetrated or received abuse were the most condoning of IPV. A lack of conflict skills was associated with IPV. For males, this lack of skills generalized to situations outside of the relationship. 相似文献
420.