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161.
The results of a project concerned with studying infants' physical attractiveness are reviewed. Information on what makes an infant cute and what the effects of infant cuteness are, is provided. These findings and hypotheses derived from them are then discussed in relation to the bonding and attachment phenomena. It is suggested that adults' initial reactions to the appearance of any infant are similar to what occurs during bonding, whereas differential reactions to infants varying in appearance are similar to the variability observed in the construction of an attachment relationship. Adults' reactions to atypical appearance are also discussed. 相似文献
162.
Timothy Fitzgerald 《Religion》2013,43(4):296-299
Ann Taves has written an interesting, lucid and informative book. In particular, the author's suggested reformulation of religious studies as the study of “things deemed special” indicates a critical alternative to the dominant discourse. But such a reformulation implies that the ‘secular’ side of the mutually parasitic religion‐secular binary also requires deconstruction. This in turn must surely lead to a critique of the representation of social psychology and related disciplines as ‘natural science’, a representation which itself is already dependent on the wider, globalizing, ideological religion/secular binary, and its supernatural/natural correlate. The author's ambiguous alternation between things deemed special and things deemed religious invites the discursive contours of ‘religion’ to re‐enter through the back door, leaving the status quo substantially intact 相似文献
163.
Timothy Fitzgerald 《Religion》2013,43(3):215-236
Wittgenstein's concept of family resemblances has been adopted by some writers either to explain the use of the word ‘religion’ or to advocate a use in the context of a definition. The purpose of this definition is supposedly to avoid an essentialist definition of religion such as ‘belief in God or gods’ which is seen as too parochially tied to Judaeo-Christian theistic origins of the word, while at the same time guaranteeing a distinctive role for religion as a universally applicable analytical concept. However, if an essentialist definition is not smuggled in for the purpose of maintaining a distinction between the ‘religion’ family and other neighbouring families such as ideologies, worldviews, values or symbolic systems, then the family becomes so indefinite that the word ceases to pick out any distinctive aspect of human culture. And this definitional dilemma in fact reflects the actual use of the word ‘religion’ by the scholarly community. Analysis of ‘religion’ texts shows that the word is used in such a large range of contexts that it is devoid of analytical value. Consequently, there is an obligation on the community of scholars to reconceptualize the wide and valuable range of work which is being carried out in ‘religion’ departments. 相似文献
164.
Sean Commins Kelsie McCormack Erin Callinan Helen Fitzgerald Eoin Molloy Kerrie Young 《Human movement science》2013,32(4):794-807
While humans rely on vision during navigation, they are also competent at navigating non-visually. However, non-visual navigation over large distances is not very accurate and can accumulate error. Currently, it is unclear whether this accumulation of error is due to the visual estimate of the distance or to the locomotor production of the distance. In a series of experiments, using a blindfolded walking test, we examine whether enhancing the visual estimate of the distance to a previously seen target, through environmental enrichment, visual imagery, or repeated exposure would improve the accuracy of blindfold navigation across different distances. We also attempt to decrease the visual estimate in order to see if the opposite effect would occur. Our results would indicate that manipulation of the static visual distance estimate did not change the navigation accuracy to any great extent. The only condition that improved accuracy was repeated exposure to the environment through practice. These results suggest that error observed during blindfold navigation may be due to the locomotor production of the distance, rather than the visual process. 相似文献
165.
Steven J. Amendum Yongmei Li Leigh A. Hall Jill Fitzgerald Kimberly H. Creamer Darlene M. Head-Reeves 《Reading Psychology》2013,34(2):119-147
Five reading lesson instruction characteristics were examined in relation to first and second graders' end-of-year instructional reading level: (a) teacher's preferred interaction style (indicated by extent of teacher telling and coaching); (b) teacher's preferred grouping (indicated by extent of whole class and small group instruction); (c) teacher's preferred focus of reading activity (indicated by extent of focus on words/letters and comprehension); (d) degree of student active response; and (e) instruction material (indicated by extent of use of narrative text and worksheets). Sixteen first- and second-grade teachers and 166 of their students were observed during reading instruction three times across the school year. Analyses of covariance were conducted. Complex relationships heretofore not revealed appeared. Different patterns of relationships between instructional characteristics and instructional reading level emerged for higher achievers compared to lower achievers and for first compared to second grade. 相似文献
166.
Morgan Lancaster Lawrence Jackson Spencer Youngberg Michael Fitzgerald Lenore M. McWey 《Journal of aggression, maltreatment & trauma》2013,22(10):1060-1074
Harsh parenting is associated with adolescent mental health concerns. Peer relationships also importantly influence adolescent mental health outcomes. Although the direct associations between harsh parenting, peer relationships, and adolescent outcomes have been empirically established, less is known about the extent to which peer relationships mediate the associations between harsh parenting and adolescent outcomes. This study tested the links between harsh parenting, peer relationships, and adolescent outcomes among families at-risk for child maltreatment. With a sample of caregivers and adolescents (n = 218), the results of mediation analyses indicated that peer aggression partially mediated the pathway between harsh parenting and externalizing symptoms of both females and males. Additionally, peer rejection partially mediated the links between harsh parenting and internalizing symptoms of both females and males and peer rejection also was a partial mediator of male externalizing symptoms. 相似文献
167.
Ralph A Walters JN Stevens A Fitzgerald KJ Tehan G Surprenant AM Neath I Turcotte J 《Memory & cognition》2011,39(2):217-230
The Focus of Attention (FOA) is the latest incarnation of a limited capacity store in which a small number of items, in this
case four, are deemed to be readily accessible and do not need to be retrieved. Thus a corollary of these ideas is that those
items in the FOA are always immune to proactive interference. While there is empirical support for instances of immunity to
PI in short-term retention tasks that involve memory for four-item lists, there are also many instances in which PI is observed
with four-item lists as well as instances where PI and immunity to PI can be shown in the same experiment. In contrast to
the FOA assumptions, an alternative cue-based account predicts both the presence of PI and immunity to PI as a function of
the relation between the cues available and the particular test. Three experiments contrasted the FOA assumptions and the
cue-based approach in a short-term cued recall task in which PI is manipulated by testing whether the presentation of previous,
similar items would interfere with immediate recall of three list items. The results indicated that even with very short lists,
both PI and immunity to PI could be observed. The PI effects observed in our experiment are at odds with the FOA approach
and are more readily explained using the cueing account. 相似文献
168.
Ryan J. Fitzgerald Heather L. Price Deborah A. Connolly 《Applied cognitive psychology》2012,26(4):585-593
The impact of stress on children's face identification is not well understood, partly because of the ethical and methodological challenges posed by this line of research. In the present research, such challenges were addressed by having 4‐year‐old and 5‐year‐old children (n = 80) participate in swimming lessons that were anxiety provoking for some, but not all, children. Information processing conditions were also manipulated by varying event frequency and retention interval. Children's identifications were examined after both a short (1.5–4 weeks) and long (1 year) delay. Anxiety was largely unrelated to the accuracy of children's swimming instructor identifications; however, after a long delay, anxiety had a negative effect on correct line‐up rejections. In addition, the confidence–accuracy relation was influenced by the quality of the information processing conditions but only after a short delay. Implications for child witnesses are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
169.
Fitzgibbon BM Enticott PG Bradshaw JL Giummarra MJ Chou M Georgiou-Karistianis N Fitzgerald PB 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2012,12(2):406-418
Observing noxious injury to another’s hand is known to induce corticospinal inhibition that can be measured in the observer’s
corresponding muscle. Here, we investigated whether acquired pain synesthetes, individuals who experience actual pain when observing injury to another, demonstrate less corticospinal inhibition than
do controls during pain observation, as a potential mechanism for the experience of vicarious pain. We recorded motor-evoked
potentials (MEPs) induced at two time points through transcranial magnetic stimulation while participants observed videos
of a hand at rest, a hypodermic needle penetrating the skin, a Q-tip touching the skin, and a hypodermic needle penetrating
an apple. We compared MEPs in three groups: 7 amputees who experience pain synesthesia, 11 nonsynesthete amputees who experience
phantom limb pain, and 10 healthy controls. Results indicated that the pain synesthete group demonstrated significantly enhanced
MEP response to the needle penetrating the hand, relative to the needle not having yet penetrated the hand, as compared with
controls. This effect was not observed exclusively in the same muscle where noxious stimulation was applied. We speculate
that our findings reflect a generalized response to pain observation arising from hyperactivity of motor mirror neurons not
involved in direct one-to-one simulation but, rather, in the representation of another’s experience. 相似文献
170.
Felicity Brock Kelcourse M.Min. M.Phil. Barry Ulanov Claude Barbre Margaret Klenk M.Div. Kathleen Ford C.S.W. Stephen L. Cook Ph.D. Mark Finn Ph.D. Robert W. Gunn D.Min. S. J. Angelo Paiano Melissa A. Gallivan Robert W. Gunn D.Min. Jill Carlen Kirby M.S.Ed. C.S.W. Jorge L. Abreu C.S.W. Jill Carlen Kirby M.S.Ed. C.S.W. Donald F. Dal Maso C.S.W. Irwin B. Blatt Ph.D. Ella Fitzgerald 《Journal of religion and health》1996,35(3):255-277