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Soft constraints in interactive behavior: the case of ignoring perfect knowledge in-the-world for imperfect knowledge in-the-head 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Constraints and dependencies among the elements of embodied cognition form patterns or microstrategies of interactive behavior. Hard constraints determine which microstrategies are possible. Soft constraints determine which of the possible microstrategies are most likely to be selected. When selection is non-deliberate or automatic the least effort microstrategy is chosen. In calculating the effort required to execute a microstrategy each of the three types of operations, memory retrieval, perception, and action, are given equal weight; that is, perceptual-motor activity does not have a privileged status with respect to memory. Soft constraints can work contrary to the designer’s intentions by making the access of perfect knowledge in-the-world more effortful than the access of imperfect knowledge in-the-head. These implications of soft constraints are tested in two experiments. In experiment 1 we varied the perceptual-motor effort of accessing knowledge in-the-world as well as the effort of retrieving items from memory. In experiment 2 we replicated one of the experiment 1 conditions to collect eye movement data. The results suggest that milliseconds matter. Soft constraints lead to a reliance on knowledge in-the-head even when the absolute difference in perceptual-motor versus memory retrieval effort is small, and even when relying on memory leads to a higher error rate and lower performance. We discuss the implications of soft constraints for routine interactive behavior, accounts of embodied cognition, and tool and interface design. 相似文献
293.
样例数量对内隐序列学习的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本研究采用序列学习范式,探讨了样例数量对内隐序列学习的影响,以揭示意识在学习中的作用以及内隐学习获得的知识表征。研究发现,在内隐序列学习中:(1)被试既可以记忆具体的样例知识也可以抽取抽象的规则知识;(2)样例数量影响被试对样例和规则知识的获得,在样例较少时被试可以获得更多的样例和规则知识;(3)样例数量影响被试对意识知识的获得,在本研究中仅当样例数为4时被试获得了有关样例和规则的意识知识。 相似文献
294.
1IntroductionSuchman,an anthropologist,argued that actionswere always situated in particular social and physi-cal circumstances[1].In this view actions emergefrom moment-by-moment interactions between ac-tors,and between actors and their environments.The social and environmental aspects of cognitionhave been stressed in Hutchins′work[2].He hadstudied relatively structured decision environments,for example ship navigation and aeroplane piloting.His conclusions are that cognition in such situa… 相似文献
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近期国内外研究比较一致地认为冒犯者在得到宽恕后,不倾向于再次伤害被冒犯者。但这些研究并未解释冒犯者为什么这么做,是出于"善待宽恕者"的动机,还是出于"报复非宽恕者"的动机。为此,本研究通过囚徒困境的博弈范式研究了冒犯者得到宽恕以后的行为动机。结果显示,在"得到宽恕"的情境中,冒犯者善待对方的程度要显著高于"没有得到宽恕"和"不确定是否得到宽恕"的情境,而后两者之间没有显著差异。该结果一方面进一步验证了冒犯者得到宽恕以后不倾向于再次伤害对方的结论,另一方面也初步确定了冒犯者得到宽恕以后行为的动机,即"善待宽恕者",而非"报复非宽恕者",并对人际互动具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
297.
Contingent attentional capture suggests that top-down attentional control settings (ACS) can enhance attentional processing of task-relevant properties and inhibit attentional processing of task-irrelevant properties. However, it remains unclear how ACS operates when a distractor has both task-relevant and task-irrelevant characteristics. In the present study, two lateralized ERP components, N2pc and distractor positivity (Pd), were employed as markers of attentional enhancement and inhibition, respectively. The degree of matching between a distractor and a conjunctively defined target was manipulated to illustrate attentional guidance by category-specific ACS (cACS) and feature-specific ACS (fACS), and the relative position between the distractor and the target was manipulated to isolate the processing of the distractor and the target. Experiment 1 showed that, with a long display duration for searching, a reliable N2pc component was elicited by a distractor that was feature-matched but category-mismatched (C-F+) relative to the target-defined properties, suggesting an enhancing effect of fACS. In contrast, Experiment 2 demonstrated that, with a short display duration, a Pd component was elicited by a distractor that was feature-mismatched but category-matched (C+F-) relative to the target-defined properties, suggesting an inhibitory effect of fACS. Moreover, both attentional enhancement and inhibition were only triggered by fACS but not by cACS. In summary, ACS can enhance target-relevant properties or inhibit target-irrelevant properties in response to the display duration, and fACS affects both enhancement and inhibition more than cACS. 相似文献
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299.
GKT原理的卡片测试范式实验研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究设计了三种包含不同说谎和认知成分的回答方式,以无意义字母串为刺激材料,以60名被试为对象检验GKT对犯罪嫌疑人的识别是基于认知还是说谎反应.研究结果表明:(1)仅包含认知成分的"重复"回答方式条件下,GKT能够区分关键信息和控制信息,表明认知成分存在于GKT测谎模式的运作机制中.(2)包含相同认知成分、不同说谎成分的回答方式条件下,GKT对知道关键信息的"犯罪"者的反应判定准确性不同:"不是…"回答方式下反应判定的准确性最高.重复回答方式下的判定准确性最低,由此证实说谎成分存在于GKT机制中.(3)仅包含认知成分的回答方式反应判定准确性最低,说谎成分的加入显著提高判定准确率.说谎成分与认知成分在GKT原理中的比重尚需进一步探索. 相似文献
300.
近五十年美国医疗保健制度演进对我国医疗制度改革的启示 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
通过对美国自1945年以来50余年医疗保健制度演进的研究。涵概了四个发展时期;民办医疗保险体制;公办免费医疗保健制度和健康维持组织;医疗费用控制政策的实施;医疗保健制度的全面改革,以求对我国从计划经济向市场经济转轨后,医疗保健制度的改革提供借鉴。 相似文献